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Organic chem Flashcards

1
Q

Alkanes FRS

A

Cl2, Br2 in CCl4, UV light

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2
Q

Elimination of alkenes

A

Conc H2SO4, heat under reflux at 180C or Al2O3, 350C or NaOH/KOH under reflux

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3
Q

ES of alkenes with halogen

A

X2 in CCl4, in the dark, room temperature

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4
Q

ES of alkenes with water in lab

A

Conc H2SO4, boil with water

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5
Q

ES of alkenes with water in industrial

A

steam, conc H3PO4, 300*C, 65atm

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6
Q

Mild oxidation of alkene

A

KMnO4, NaOH, room temp
diol as product

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7
Q

Strong oxidation of alkene

A

KMnO4, H2SO4, heat under reflux
terminal alkene: CO2, H2O

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8
Q

ES of arenes to attach -NO2 group

A

conc H2SO4, conc HNO3, heat at 55*C

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9
Q

ES of arenes to attach -X group

A

X2 or anhydrous FeX

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10
Q

ES of arenes to attach -CH3 group

A

CH3Cl, AlCl3

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11
Q

ES of arenes to attach -COCH3 group

A

CH3COCl, AlCl3

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12
Q

FRS of arenes

A

Limited Cl2, UV light

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13
Q

Side chain oxidation of arenes (acidic)

A

KMnO4, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux
-CH3: puple decolourises
-CH2CH3: purple decolourises, effervescene of CO2

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14
Q

Side chain oxidation of arenes (alkaline)

A

KMnO4, dilute NaOH, heat under reflux
-CH3: decolourises, brown ppt formed
-CH2CH3: decolourises, brown ppt formed

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15
Q

Ring activating

A

increase electron density, make benzene ring more reactive

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16
Q

Preparation of halogenoalkane

A

FRS of alkane: limited Cl2, UV
EA of alkene: dry HX gas, room temp
With alcohol: SOCl2 in pyradine, heat under reflux
PX3, heat / PCl5 at room temp

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17
Q

Mechanism of HA

A

Sn2: single step
rate=k[Nu][RX]
Sn1: double step
rate=k[RX]

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18
Q

NS of HA with -OH

A

NaOH/KOH, heat under reflux
R-OH and X- products

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19
Q

NS of HA with CN-

A

KCN/NaCN, heat under reflux
R-CN and X- products

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20
Q

NS of HA with NH3

A

Excess NH3 (alc), heat in sealed tube
R-NH2 and HX products

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21
Q

NS of HA with R-OH-Na+

A

Na(s)/K(s) in ethanol, heat
R-O-R’ and NaX as product

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22
Q

Reduction of R-CN with H2/[H]

A

H2, Ni, heat, high pressure
R-CH2NH2 prodct
LiAlH4 in dry ether, reflux
same product

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23
Q

Acidic hydrolysis of HA

A

HCl/H2SO4, heat under reflux
R-COOH and NH4+ prduct

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24
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis of HA

A

NaOH/KOH, heat under reflux
R-COO- and NH3 product

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25
Preparation of benzene-chloride
Cl2, anhydrous FeCl3
26
chemical test for HA
heat R-X with NaOH in a test tube cool mixture acidify with excess HNO3 to neutralise NaOH add AgNO3
27
Preparation of alcohols using alkenes
Cold conc H2SO4, boil with water or steam H3PO4, 300C, 65atm
28
Preparation of alcohols using RX
NaOH/KOH, heat under reflux
29
Prep of alcohols using carbonyl compunds
NaBH4 in methanol
30
Prep of alcohols using carboxylic acid and derivatives
Acid, ketones, aldehydes: LiAlH4 in dry ether, reflux Aldehyde, ketone: Ni, heat, high pressure
31
Elimination of alcohol
Excess conc H2SO4, heat Al2O3, heat conc H3PO4, heat
32
Reaction of alcohol to produce RX
SOCl2 in pyradine PX3, heat PCl5, room temp Dry HCl(g), conc HCl, anhydrous ZnCl
33
Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid
RCOOH, small amt of H2SO4, heat under reflux product: RCOOR', H2O
34
Reaction of alcohols with acyl halide
R'COX, room temp product: R'CORO and HX
35
Oxdiation of first degree alcohol
K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat under distillation to aldehyde: orange to green to carboxylic acid: orange to green or purple to pink/decolourised (for KMnO4)
36
Oxidation of second degree alcohol
K2Cr2O7/KMnO4, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux to ketone: orange to green or purple to pink/decolourised
37
Iodoform test for alcohol
I2, NaOH, warm to 60C test for: CH3C(OH)(H)R products: CH3I, RCOO-, I-, H20 yellow ppt with antiseptic smell forms
38
Reaction of phenol with Na
Na(s) added to pure phenol product: benzene- O-Na+ effervescene of H2
39
Reaction of phenol with OH-
NaOH/KOH added to pure phenol product: bezene-O-Na+, H2O cloudy emulsion forms in clear solution
40
Condensation of phenol to attach -RCOO group
NaOH, RCOCl product: RCOO-benzene, HCl white fumes turn blue litmus paper red
41
Electrophilic substitution of phenol
mono sub: dilute HNO3, room temp or Br2 in CCl4, room temp multi sub: conc HNO3, room temp or Br2, room temp
42
Preparation of carbonyl compounds using alcohol
K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat under distillation for 1st degree alcohol KMnO4 for 2nd degree
43
NA of carbonyls with CN-
HCN, trace amt of NaCN/NaOH, 10C to 20C
44
reduction of carbonyl compounds
LiAlH4 in dry ether NaBH4 in methanol Ni, H2, heat, high pressure
45
condensation of carbonyl with 2,4-DNPH
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, room temp orange ppt forms
46
oxidation of aldehyde
K2Cr2O7/KMnO4, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux RCOOH as product
47
Silver mirror test
Aldehyde, Tollens reagent, warm RCOO-, Ag, NH3, H2O as products silver mirror forms
48
Fehling's solution test
RCOH, Fehling's solution, warm RCOO-, Cu2O, H2O as products red brown ppt forms
49
Iodoform test for carbonyl compounds
I2, NaOH, warm to 60C test for RCOCH3 structure RCOONa, CH3I, NaI, H2O as products yellow ppt with antiseptic smell forms positive for ethanal and methyl ketones
50
Prep of carboxylic acid with alcohol/aldehyde
KMnO4/K2Cr2O7, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux
51
Prep of carb acid with alkyl benzene
KMnO4, dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux
52
Prep of carb acid by hydrolysis of nitriles
dilute H2SO4, heat under reflux or KOH, heat under reflux
53
Condensation of carb acid with alcohol
Alcohol, heat under reflux, small amount of H2SO4 product: RCOOR', H2O
54
Subsitution of -OH group in carb acid with X
SOCl2 in pyradine PCl5 in room temp Heat under reflux with PCl3/PBr3 and I2 products: RCOCl, SO2, HCl
55
Reduction of carb acid
LiAlH4 in dry ether, reflux products: RCH2OH, H2O
56
Hydrolysis of acyl chloride with water
H2O, room temp products: RCOOH, HCl
57
Condensation of acyl chloride and alcohol
alcohol, room temp products: ROCOR', HCl
58
Condensation of acyl chloride and phenol
NaOH, phenol, RCOCl products: benzene-OCOR, Cl-
59
Condensation of acyl chloride and ammonia/amines
Excess ammonia/amine at room temp products: RCONHR' and HCl
60
Acid hydrolysis of ester
dilute HCl/H2SO4, heat under reflux products: RCOOH, R'OH
61
Alkaline hydrolysis of ester
NaOH/KOH, heat under reflux products: RCOO-, R'OH
62
Prep of nitro comp by reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether H2, Ni catalyst, heat , high pressure Sn, conc HCl, heat, NaOH
63
Prep of nitro comp by NS with NH3
Heat excess NH3 (alc) in sealed tube
64
ES of nitro comp with Br2
Br2, room temp orange colour decolourise, white ppt and fumes test for phenylamine
65
Prep of amides by condensation with ammonia
RNH2, RCOCl, room temp product: RCONHR, HCl
66
Acid hydrolysis of amides
HCl, heat under reflux products: RCOOH, NH4+
67
Alkaline hydrolysis of amides
NaOH, heat under reflux products: RCOO-, NHRR'
68
Prep of amides by reduction
LiAlH4 in dry ether products: RCH2NHR', H2O
69
Acid hydrolysis of proteins
HCl, heat under reflux
70
Alkaline hydrolysis of proteins
NaOH, heat under reflux

Chemistry (3 decks)

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