ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards
1
Q
what is organic chem
A
study of compounds composed mostly of carbons and 3 other elements (oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen)
2
Q
diversity of carbon
A
comes in 4 different alltropes diamond, graphite, fullerenes, nanotubes
3
Q
world strongest material
A
graphene (carbon alltrope)
4
Q
hydrocarbon categories
A
aliphatics- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
aromatics- ring structures
derivatives- alcohols, esters, acids
5
Q
alkenes
A
- single bonded carbons
- root indicates number of carbons
suffix (indicates type of carbon to carbon bond
6
Q
general formula of an alkane
A
Cn H2n+2
7
Q
alkenes
A
- group of hydrocarbons with a double bond located in the carbon back bone
- suffix is changed to ene to indicate the double bond
- can obtain structural isomers by placing the double bond in different positions
- number is added to indicate the carbon the double bond is located
8
Q
alkene formula
A
Cn H2n
9
Q
alkynes
A
- triple bond
- CnH2n-2
suffix is yne
10
Q
cyclic hydrocarbons
A
- alkyl group
- alkanes that form a ring (cycloalkane)
-nprefic cyclo is added when naming
11
Q
naming branched cyclic hydrocarbons
A
12
Q
alkyl halides
A
because of halogens binding capacity they easily fill one of the bonding locations on a carbon
- named just as other branches, only take presidence if they are tied to another alkyl branch but double and triple bonds still coem first
- o is added to the root name (chloro, bromo…)
13
Q
nitro groups
A
- consits of a nitrogen and two oxygens
- replace a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon
- branch ties go to the nitro group
14
Q
common alkyl groups
A
some substituents on hydrocarbons are variable of simple branches which are now given common names (isopropyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl)
- include iso, sec, tert in alphabetical ordering
15
Q
benzene
A
- C6H6
- aromatic hydrocarbon
- very stable does
- ring structue with alternating double bonds
16
Q
resonance hybrid
A
- makes drawing a benzene molecule easier by placing the double bonds intermitanyly but the lectrons are actually shared equally between all carbons
17
Q
aromatic hydrocarbons (naming branches)
A
- name uses benzene as the root
- when there are two or more groups on a benzene ring the groups must be numbered (most complex group takes the lowest carbon)
18
Q
isomers
A
prefixes ortho, para, and meta can be used to identify isomers
- can proceed a root name and take the spot of numbers
19
Q
phenyl group
A
benzene ring attached to a chain
20
Q
benzyl group
A
a methylbenzene ring attached to a carbon chain
21
Q
heterocyclic compounds
A
rings that contain more than one type of atom
- found in nucleotides
22
Q
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
A
- multiple benzene rings attached to eachother
- associated with heavy fossil fuels and burning of hydrocarbons
23
Q
Biphenyl
A
two benzene rings fused together (C12H10)
- found naturally in fossul fuels
24
Q
polychloronated biphenyls (PCB’S)
A
biphenyl with one or more chlorine atoms replacing hydrogens
- inflammable
-electrical insualtors
- very stable
- linked to many cancers (apart of the dirty dozen chemicals)
25
where do hydrocarbons come from
- remainder of fossilized organic material
- smaller the molecule the lower the boiling point
26
solubility of aliphatic carbons
mostly insoluble in water beacuse of their lack of polar bonds
27
boiling and melting points
because the only thing holding the hydrocarbons together is disperssion forces the melting and boiling points increase with the number of atoms
28
dispersion forces
a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles
29
combustion reaction
hydrocarbon reactions with oxygen
- most common and significant reactions of alkanes
- alkanes are the fuel but requires the addition of a high energy source before they become exothermic
30
complete combustion
- know how to balance
- produces CO2 and H2O
31
incomplete combustion
often a result of low tempuratures or lack of O2
- produces other hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide and pure carbon (soot)
32
substitution reaction
- makes a secondary product
- any hydrovarbon reacting with a halogen
- reaction either requires light or heat
- if the stimulus continues each hydrogen is eventually replaced
33
cracking reactions
- breaking ion chains into smaller shorter ones
- if an ALKANE is heated in the absence of air some of the c-c bonds will break to create chorter chains
-requires the presance of a catalyst
- produces many different alkenes and alkynes
34
alkene (alkyne) reactions
alkenes are very reactive because one of the bonds between the carbons is easily broken
-most alkene reactions require the addition of another substance to the double bond
-typically rquire specific conditions
35
alkene (alkyne) addition reaction
- reactions with halogens (halogenation)
- often used to test for the presence of a double bond (how)
36
alkene (alkyne) addition reactions with hydrogen
results in the production of a saturated hydrocarbon
- heat and catalys required
37
alkene (alkyne) addition reactions with hydrogen halides (HBr)
- production of a haloalkane
38
alkene (alkyne) reactions with water
- produces an alcohol
- follows the rich get richer rule
39
markovinkov's rule
- rich get richer rule
- hydrogen will add to the carbon that already has the most hydrogen
40
alcohols
- organic molecules can be grouped into famils based on their functional groups
the functional group determines the physical and chemical properties of the molecule
- R-OH
- organic compund characterized by the hydroxyl functional group
all alcohols have a hydroxyl group replacing a hydrogen
41
naming alcohols
- same root system used to indicate the carbon chain
- use a number to indicate which carbon has the OH group
- use the suffix ol- Propanol
42
naming unsaturated alcohols
- prefix indicates the location of the double bond
- an is converted into en or yn
- infix number is used to indicate the location of the alcohol (OH)
43
naming multiple hydroxyl groups
- a molecule containing two hydroxyl groups is called a diol (3 is a triol and so on)
- root is retained
suffix is changed to diol
- numbers proceeding the name insicate the location of the alcohol groups
44
properties of an alcohol
- OH grouos are polar
- this keeps alcohol molecules attached also known as hydrogen bonding
- high boiling points
typically soluable in water (longer the chain the less soluble)
- the more OH groups the greater the BP
45
primary alcohol
OH group on the end of the molecule
46
secondary alcohol
Oh group mid molecule
47
tertiary alcohol
OH group mid molecule and oposite another carbon chain
48
chemical properties of an alcohol
combustion: flammable in the presence of O2 = CO2 and H2O
Dehydration: in the presence of a strong acid an alcohol can be converted into an alkene and water (elimination reaction)
condensation reaction: under specific conditions two alcohols can be forced together forming an ether
49
alcohol reactions- flammability
- the longer the carbon chain of an alcohol the greater the dispersion froces the lower the vapour pressure
- a low vapour pressure limits the ability of a combustion reaction
(vapour that ignites not the alcohol)
50
Ethers
- functional groups made up of a oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms (R-O-R)
- isomers of alcohols
51
properties of an ether
- polar molecule
- the structure of an ether prevents extensive intermolecular interactions because of its location of the polar region ( known as steric hinderance)
- lower boiling point compared to simular sized alcohols
- less soluable than alcohols
52
naming an ether
- choose longest chain
- name the other portion of the ether as an alkoxy group
- written as a branch outside of the molecule name
53
carbonyl group
- carbon double bonded to oxygen
- difference of .89 in EN (polar covalent)
- polarity increases solubility and its melting + boiling point of a substance
54
aldehydes
- carbony group attached to a hydrogen always on the end of a molecule
- when naming the carbonyl group always takes rank and the e on the end of a name is dropped and replaced with al
55
ketones
- carbonyl unit somewhere mid molecule
- connects to to alkyl groups
- when naming the position of carbonyl group is noted
- e is dropped and replaced with one
- with multiple ketones number the carbons and use dione ect
56
amines
family of nitrogens containing molecules
57
nitrogen
- fourth most common component of an organic compound
- five valence electrons
- a pair of the valence electrons remain unshared whic impacts the shape of the finished molecules
58
properties of an amine
adds polar regions to a molecule
- lower boiling point than an alcohol (OH group is more polar)
- less soluable than simular sized alcohols but more soluable than simular sized ethers and hydrocarbons (alcohols have less steric hinderance and a more polar region)
- often the byproduct of broken down proteins which typically have unpleseant smells
59
primary amine
single alkyl group
60
secondary amine
two alkyl groups
61
naming amines
- number of carbon the amine is attached to is written preceding the name
e is dropped and replaced with amine
62
naming with multiple amine groups
- both carbon numbers listed and diamine is attached to the end
63
naming naming branches with amines
- branches are listed preceding the entire name in alphabetical order
- if a brach is coming off the amine group is is indiated with N
64
subordinate Name
Amine groups can also be named as an
amino group if another higher priority
group is present (ie, alcohol)
65
carboxylic acid
- carboxyl group but also has a hydroxyl group (COOH)
- has to be at the end of the molecule
66
properties of carboxylic acid
high boling points (2 polar units)
- two of these molecules can form dimers (identical molecules bonded together)
- more soluable than ALL other molecules of a simular weight
- acidic
- can ionize by donating a hydrogen ion the the solution
67
naming carboxylic acid
- always on carbon one
- usually takes precedence
e is dropped and replaced with oic acid
68
naming carboxylic acid with double bonds
change infix to en or yn
69
multiple carboxylic acids
dioic acid
70
cyclic alkanes with a carboxylic acid
- add cyclo befor prefeix
- add carboxylic acid after carbon numbering prefix
71
properties of carboxylic acid
- see note book
72
production of aldehydes and ketones
- oxidation reaction: addition of a more electronegative bond or the removal of a less electronegativ ebond
- oxidizing agent required
- active axygen supplied by the oxidizing agent removes a hydrogen from the hydroxyl group and on from the adjacent carbon
73
oxidation of alcohols
primary= aldehyde + water
secondary = ketone = water
tertiary = nr
74
further oxidization of an aldehyde
results in a carboxylic acid
75
reduction reactions
- refferes to the addition of hydrogen and/or the removal of oxygen bonds from a central carbon
- reducing agents required: they absorbe the O2
- this is the complete oposite of oxidation
76
condensation reaction
- two molecules combine to form one large molecule
- often produces a secondary products but not always
77
esterification
- reaction bewtween a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
a specific type of condensation reaction that produces and ester
- concentrated sulfuric acid is required (acid catalyst)
- and heat
78
why sulfuric acid required in esterfication
- ties up the water tricking the water tricking the reaction to continue
79
esters
- made naturally in plants
have many oders (flowers and fruits)
synthezised ester are used to scent and flavor cosmetics, cleaners and foods
80
properties of an ester
simple esters are soluable (short )
- do not have OH groups
- not acidic
-lower boiling and melting boints)
81
naming esters
- name the alkyl group from the alcohol
- name the alkyl grouo from the acid
- drope the e and change it to oate
82
naming branched esters
- each carbon chain should be numbered starting out from the carboxyl group
- any branches coming off the alcohol fragment are numbered and named per usual
- the alcohol fragment should be named as branches also
acid fragments can be named including branches
83
alkyl group
fromed by remoiving one hydrogen from the alkane chain
- this causes the molecule to change shape and goes from an ane to a yl
84
covalent bond
mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms ( a very small difference in EN or 0)
