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Chemistry (12U) > ORGANIC CHEM > Flashcards

ORGANIC CHEM Flashcards

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1
Q

what is organic chem

A

study of compounds composed mostly of carbons and 3 other elements (oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen)

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2
Q

diversity of carbon

A

comes in 4 different alltropes diamond, graphite, fullerenes, nanotubes

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3
Q

world strongest material

A

graphene (carbon alltrope)

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4
Q

hydrocarbon categories

A

aliphatics- alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
aromatics- ring structures
derivatives- alcohols, esters, acids

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5
Q

alkenes

A
  • single bonded carbons
  • root indicates number of carbons
    suffix (indicates type of carbon to carbon bond
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6
Q

general formula of an alkane

A

Cn H2n+2

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7
Q

alkenes

A
  • group of hydrocarbons with a double bond located in the carbon back bone
  • suffix is changed to ene to indicate the double bond
  • can obtain structural isomers by placing the double bond in different positions
  • number is added to indicate the carbon the double bond is located
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8
Q

alkene formula

A

Cn H2n

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9
Q

alkynes

A
  • triple bond
  • CnH2n-2
    suffix is yne
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10
Q

cyclic hydrocarbons

A
  • alkyl group
  • alkanes that form a ring (cycloalkane)
    -nprefic cyclo is added when naming
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11
Q

naming branched cyclic hydrocarbons

A
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12
Q

alkyl halides

A

because of halogens binding capacity they easily fill one of the bonding locations on a carbon
- named just as other branches, only take presidence if they are tied to another alkyl branch but double and triple bonds still coem first
- o is added to the root name (chloro, bromo…)

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13
Q

nitro groups

A
  • consits of a nitrogen and two oxygens
  • replace a hydrogen on a hydrocarbon
  • branch ties go to the nitro group
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14
Q

common alkyl groups

A

some substituents on hydrocarbons are variable of simple branches which are now given common names (isopropyl, isobutyl, secbutyl, tertbutyl)
- include iso, sec, tert in alphabetical ordering

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15
Q

benzene

A
  • C6H6
  • aromatic hydrocarbon
  • very stable does
  • ring structue with alternating double bonds
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16
Q

resonance hybrid

A
  • makes drawing a benzene molecule easier by placing the double bonds intermitanyly but the lectrons are actually shared equally between all carbons
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17
Q

aromatic hydrocarbons (naming branches)

A
  • name uses benzene as the root
  • when there are two or more groups on a benzene ring the groups must be numbered (most complex group takes the lowest carbon)
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18
Q

isomers

A

prefixes ortho, para, and meta can be used to identify isomers
- can proceed a root name and take the spot of numbers

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19
Q

phenyl group

A

benzene ring attached to a chain

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20
Q

benzyl group

A

a methylbenzene ring attached to a carbon chain

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21
Q

heterocyclic compounds

A

rings that contain more than one type of atom
- found in nucleotides

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22
Q

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

A
  • multiple benzene rings attached to eachother
  • associated with heavy fossil fuels and burning of hydrocarbons
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23
Q

Biphenyl

A

two benzene rings fused together (C12H10)
- found naturally in fossul fuels

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24
Q

polychloronated biphenyls (PCB’S)

A

biphenyl with one or more chlorine atoms replacing hydrogens
- inflammable
-electrical insualtors
- very stable
- linked to many cancers (apart of the dirty dozen chemicals)

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25
Q

where do hydrocarbons come from

A
  • remainder of fossilized organic material
  • smaller the molecule the lower the boiling point
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26
Q

solubility of aliphatic carbons

A

mostly insoluble in water beacuse of their lack of polar bonds

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27
Q

boiling and melting points

A

because the only thing holding the hydrocarbons together is disperssion forces the melting and boiling points increase with the number of atoms

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28
Q

dispersion forces

A

a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles

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29
Q

combustion reaction

A

hydrocarbon reactions with oxygen
- most common and significant reactions of alkanes
- alkanes are the fuel but requires the addition of a high energy source before they become exothermic

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30
Q

complete combustion

A
  • know how to balance
  • produces CO2 and H2O
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31
Q

incomplete combustion

A

often a result of low tempuratures or lack of O2
- produces other hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide and pure carbon (soot)

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32
Q

substitution reaction

A
  • makes a secondary product
  • any hydrovarbon reacting with a halogen
  • reaction either requires light or heat
  • if the stimulus continues each hydrogen is eventually replaced
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33
Q

cracking reactions

A
  • breaking ion chains into smaller shorter ones
  • if an ALKANE is heated in the absence of air some of the c-c bonds will break to create chorter chains
    -requires the presance of a catalyst
  • produces many different alkenes and alkynes
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34
Q

alkene (alkyne) reactions

A

alkenes are very reactive because one of the bonds between the carbons is easily broken
-most alkene reactions require the addition of another substance to the double bond
-typically rquire specific conditions

35
Q

alkene (alkyne) addition reaction

A
  • reactions with halogens (halogenation)
  • often used to test for the presence of a double bond (how)
36
Q

alkene (alkyne) addition reactions with hydrogen

A

results in the production of a saturated hydrocarbon
- heat and catalys required

37
Q

alkene (alkyne) addition reactions with hydrogen halides (HBr)

A
  • production of a haloalkane
38
Q

alkene (alkyne) reactions with water

A
  • produces an alcohol
  • follows the rich get richer rule
39
Q

markovinkov’s rule

A
  • rich get richer rule
  • hydrogen will add to the carbon that already has the most hydrogen
40
Q

alcohols

A
  • organic molecules can be grouped into famils based on their functional groups
    the functional group determines the physical and chemical properties of the molecule
  • R-OH
  • organic compund characterized by the hydroxyl functional group
    all alcohols have a hydroxyl group replacing a hydrogen
41
Q

naming alcohols

A
  • same root system used to indicate the carbon chain
  • use a number to indicate which carbon has the OH group
  • use the suffix ol- Propanol
42
Q

naming unsaturated alcohols

A
  • prefix indicates the location of the double bond
  • an is converted into en or yn
  • infix number is used to indicate the location of the alcohol (OH)
43
Q

naming multiple hydroxyl groups

A
  • a molecule containing two hydroxyl groups is called a diol (3 is a triol and so on)
  • root is retained
    suffix is changed to diol
  • numbers proceeding the name insicate the location of the alcohol groups
44
Q

properties of an alcohol

A
  • OH grouos are polar
  • this keeps alcohol molecules attached also known as hydrogen bonding
  • high boiling points
    typically soluable in water (longer the chain the less soluble)
  • the more OH groups the greater the BP
45
Q

primary alcohol

A

OH group on the end of the molecule

46
Q

secondary alcohol

A

Oh group mid molecule

47
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

OH group mid molecule and oposite another carbon chain

48
Q

chemical properties of an alcohol

A

combustion: flammable in the presence of O2 = CO2 and H2O
Dehydration: in the presence of a strong acid an alcohol can be converted into an alkene and water (elimination reaction)
condensation reaction: under specific conditions two alcohols can be forced together forming an ether

49
Q

alcohol reactions- flammability

A
  • the longer the carbon chain of an alcohol the greater the dispersion froces the lower the vapour pressure
  • a low vapour pressure limits the ability of a combustion reaction
    (vapour that ignites not the alcohol)
50
Q

Ethers

A
  • functional groups made up of a oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms (R-O-R)
  • isomers of alcohols
51
Q

properties of an ether

A
  • polar molecule
  • the structure of an ether prevents extensive intermolecular interactions because of its location of the polar region ( known as steric hinderance)
  • lower boiling point compared to simular sized alcohols
  • less soluable than alcohols
52
Q

naming an ether

A
  • choose longest chain
  • name the other portion of the ether as an alkoxy group
  • written as a branch outside of the molecule name
53
Q

carbonyl group

A
  • carbon double bonded to oxygen
  • difference of .89 in EN (polar covalent)
  • polarity increases solubility and its melting + boiling point of a substance
54
Q

aldehydes

A
  • carbony group attached to a hydrogen always on the end of a molecule
  • when naming the carbonyl group always takes rank and the e on the end of a name is dropped and replaced with al
55
Q

ketones

A
  • carbonyl unit somewhere mid molecule
  • connects to to alkyl groups
  • when naming the position of carbonyl group is noted
  • e is dropped and replaced with one
  • with multiple ketones number the carbons and use dione ect
56
Q

amines

A

family of nitrogens containing molecules

57
Q

nitrogen

A
  • fourth most common component of an organic compound
  • five valence electrons
  • a pair of the valence electrons remain unshared whic impacts the shape of the finished molecules
58
Q

properties of an amine

A

adds polar regions to a molecule
- lower boiling point than an alcohol (OH group is more polar)
- less soluable than simular sized alcohols but more soluable than simular sized ethers and hydrocarbons (alcohols have less steric hinderance and a more polar region)
- often the byproduct of broken down proteins which typically have unpleseant smells

59
Q

primary amine

A

single alkyl group

60
Q

secondary amine

A

two alkyl groups

61
Q

naming amines

A
  • number of carbon the amine is attached to is written preceding the name
    e is dropped and replaced with amine
62
Q

naming with multiple amine groups

A
  • both carbon numbers listed and diamine is attached to the end
63
Q

naming naming branches with amines

A
  • branches are listed preceding the entire name in alphabetical order
  • if a brach is coming off the amine group is is indiated with N
64
Q

subordinate Name

A

Amine groups can also be named as an
amino group if another higher priority
group is present (ie, alcohol)

65
Q

carboxylic acid

A
  • carboxyl group but also has a hydroxyl group (COOH)
  • has to be at the end of the molecule
66
Q

properties of carboxylic acid

A

high boling points (2 polar units)
- two of these molecules can form dimers (identical molecules bonded together)
- more soluable than ALL other molecules of a simular weight
- acidic
- can ionize by donating a hydrogen ion the the solution

67
Q

naming carboxylic acid

A
  • always on carbon one
  • usually takes precedence
    e is dropped and replaced with oic acid
68
Q

naming carboxylic acid with double bonds

A

change infix to en or yn

69
Q

multiple carboxylic acids

A

dioic acid

70
Q

cyclic alkanes with a carboxylic acid

A
  • add cyclo befor prefeix
  • add carboxylic acid after carbon numbering prefix
71
Q

properties of carboxylic acid

A
  • see note book
72
Q

production of aldehydes and ketones

A
  • oxidation reaction: addition of a more electronegative bond or the removal of a less electronegativ ebond
  • oxidizing agent required
  • active axygen supplied by the oxidizing agent removes a hydrogen from the hydroxyl group and on from the adjacent carbon
73
Q

oxidation of alcohols

A

primary= aldehyde + water
secondary = ketone = water
tertiary = nr

74
Q

further oxidization of an aldehyde

A

results in a carboxylic acid

75
Q

reduction reactions

A
  • refferes to the addition of hydrogen and/or the removal of oxygen bonds from a central carbon
  • reducing agents required: they absorbe the O2
  • this is the complete oposite of oxidation
76
Q

condensation reaction

A
  • two molecules combine to form one large molecule
  • often produces a secondary products but not always
77
Q

esterification

A
  • reaction bewtween a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
    a specific type of condensation reaction that produces and ester
  • concentrated sulfuric acid is required (acid catalyst)
  • and heat
78
Q

why sulfuric acid required in esterfication

A
  • ties up the water tricking the water tricking the reaction to continue
79
Q

esters

A
  • made naturally in plants
    have many oders (flowers and fruits)
    synthezised ester are used to scent and flavor cosmetics, cleaners and foods
80
Q

properties of an ester

A

simple esters are soluable (short )
- do not have OH groups
- not acidic
-lower boiling and melting boints)

81
Q

naming esters

A
  • name the alkyl group from the alcohol
  • name the alkyl grouo from the acid
  • drope the e and change it to oate
82
Q

naming branched esters

A
  • each carbon chain should be numbered starting out from the carboxyl group
  • any branches coming off the alcohol fragment are numbered and named per usual
  • the alcohol fragment should be named as branches also
    acid fragments can be named including branches
83
Q

alkyl group

A

fromed by remoiving one hydrogen from the alkane chain
- this causes the molecule to change shape and goes from an ane to a yl

84
Q

covalent bond

A

mutual sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms ( a very small difference in EN or 0)

Chemistry (12U) (1 decks)

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