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Organic Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

An electron-deficient species is therefore attracted to parts of the molecule that are electron rich. Electrophiles are positive ions or have a partial positive charge. Eg No2 ^+, H+

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2
Q

Nucleophile

A

an electron-rich species which is therefore attracted to parts of the molecules which are electron deficient. Nucleophile have a lone pair of electrons and may also have a negative charge

Eg Cl-, OH-, NH3

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3
Q

homolytic fission

A

when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between the 2 products. (The products that got the same # of electrons to produce 2 free radicals, each with an unpaired electron.

X:X –> X. + X.

homolytic fission is represented with a one sided arrow

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4
Q

what does HETEROLYTIC FISSION mean

A

When a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the products (the products get a diff number of electrons)
Produces 2 opposite charged ions
X:X —> X: + X
—> <— 2 headed arrow represents heterolytic fission

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5
Q

Saturated meaning?

A

COMPOUNDS THAT ONLY CONTAIN SINGLE BONDS
EG ALKANES

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6
Q

UNSATURATED meaning?

A

COMPOUNDS WHICH CONTAIN 1 OR MORE DOUBLE OR TRIPLE BONDS
EG ALKENES, ARENES

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7
Q

Aliphatics

A

COMPOUNDS WHICH DO NOT CONTAIN A BENZENE RING; MAY BE SATURATED OR UNSATURATED
EG ALKANES & ALKENES

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8
Q

Arenes

A

compounds which contain a benzene ring; they are all unsaturated compounds, eg benzene and phenol

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9
Q

Number of carbon: 1
Longest chain name?
Side chain name?

A

Meth-
methyl-

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10
Q

Number of carbon: 2
Longest chain name?
Side chain name?

A

Eth-
Ethyl

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11
Q

Number of carbon: 3
Longest chain name?
Side chain name?

A

prop-
propyl

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12
Q

Number of carbon: 4
Longest chain name?
Side chain name?

A

but-
butyl

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13
Q

Number of carbon: 5
Longest chain name?
Side chain name?

A

pent-
pentyl

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14
Q

Number of carbon: 6
Longest chain name?
Side chain name?

A

hex-
hexyl

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15
Q

complete combustion equation, and what condition

A

lots of oxygen

product: carbon dioxide (CO2) + H2O

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16
Q

Incomplete combustion and what condition

A

lack of oxygen

carbon monoxide (CO) + H2O

OR

Carbon (Soot) + H2O

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17
Q

Carbon dioxide environmental impacts

A

Greenhouse gas, global warming and climate change

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18
Q

Carbon monoxide environmental impacts

A

Is toxic to humans as combines with haemoglobin in the blood which prevents oxygen from being carried

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19
Q

Unburned carbon environmental impacts

A

effect on human health, especially the respiratory system, they also act as a catalyst in forming smog in the air.

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20
Q

What do we know about combustion ( the variables)

A

The more limited the air, the less heat that is generated

The greater the number of carbon atoms the more energy that is produced

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21
Q

Free radical substitution. Step 1

A

Initiation. Photochemical homolytic fission. The splitting of the shared pair of electrons between the 2 atoms

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22
Q

Free radical substitution. Step 2

A

Propagation, chain reaction. Always start with 1 free radical and 1 normal molecule and end with the same.

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23
Q

Free radical substitution. Step 3

A

Termination

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24
Q

Organic chem conversion map

A

see on ipad

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25
Q

Alkanes (number of bonds)

A

single

26
Q

Alkenes (number of bonds)

A

double

27
Q

Arenes/aliphatics/aromatics/benezene (C6H6) physical and chemical features

A

equal bond lengths within benzenes structure (proves dislocation) single bonds is diff length to a double bond, if we measure benzene it is the same length, thus must have only single bonds.

not very reactive would expect c to be if it had a double bond

28
Q

Alkynes (number of bonds)

A

triple

29
Q

what test can we do to distinguish an alkane from an alkene?

A

Reaction with bromine is the standard test for the presence of a double or triple bond between carbon atoms. A solution of bromine changes from ORANGE TO COLOURLESS if the molecule is unsaturated.

Alkane, if nothing happens its and alkane
if orange to colourless its and alkene

30
Q

making an alkene to an alkane
list out everything: Hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water

A

Reaction with hydrogen (H2) is called hydrogenation the catalyst is PtO2/Pd

Reaction with chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Flouride …
Alkene —-> Di Halo Alkane

reaction with hydrogen halides
Alkene + H - hailde —> Halo Alkane

The addition of water known as hydration converts the alkene into alcohol. Sulfuric acid is a catalyst
Conditions: Heat with steam and catalyst of concentrated H2SO4.

31
Q

Aldehydes’s general formula (chemical R)

A

R-CHO (end)

32
Q

Ketone’s general formula (chemical R)

A

R-CO-R (middle)

33
Q

If carbonyl (C=O) is at the end it is a…
what is it’s ending?

A

aldehyde and ending is -al

34
Q

If carbonyl (C=O) is at the middle it is a…
what is it’s ending?

A

ketone and ending is -one

35
Q

Alcohols general formula

A

Cn H2n+OH

36
Q

what is alcohol’s ending?

A

-ol

37
Q

What chemical identifies an Alcohol

A

-OH (hydroxyl)

38
Q

Classification of alcohol

A

Classification identifies the C atom that has the OH group attached.

  1. primary 1* - attached to 1 R group (at the end of the carbon)
  2. primary 2* attached to 2 R groups (at a branch of a carbon atom)
  3. Tertiary 3* attached to 3 R groups
39
Q

what alcohols can be oxidised? What are their oxidising things?

A

Primary and secondary, acidified potassium permanganate (H+/KMnO4) or acidified Potassium dichromate (H+/K2Cr2O7)

40
Q

what is the steps of alcohol oxidation? for Aldehyde? (Primary)

A

Isolate the aldehyde, you need to heat up the 1* alcohol solution and distil out the vapour as fast as it is formed Aldehyde has a lower boiling point and vaporises.

41
Q

what is the steps of alcohol oxidation? for carboxylic acid? (Primary)

A

heat and reflux. attach a condensing tube to your vapour so that your vapour condenses before they can escape. Aldehyde condenses and is forced to further oxidise into carboxylic acid

42
Q

Isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms

43
Q

what is the bromine water test for?

A

Alkenes can decolourise bromine water, but alkanes cannot.

44
Q

What class of Halogenalkane can SN1 react with

A

tertiary 3*

45
Q

How many steps is SN1

A

2

46
Q

Is SN1 transition state or reaction intermediate

A

carbocation intermediate

47
Q

type of solvent the reaction SN1 needs to happen in

A

polar protic

48
Q

type of bond fission in SN1

A

heterolytic fission

49
Q

What class of Halogenalkane can SN2 react with

A

Primary 1*

50
Q

How many steps is SN2

A

1

51
Q

Is SN2 transition state or reaction intermediate

A

reaction intermediate

52
Q

type of solvent the reaction SN2 needs to happen in

A

polar aprotic

53
Q

type of bond fission in SN2

A

heterolytic

54
Q

The molecularity of SN1

A

unimolecular

55
Q

The molecularity of SN2

A

Bimolecular

56
Q

SN1 relative rate of reaction

A

3* > 2* >1*

57
Q

SN2 relative rate of reaction

A

1>2>3*

58
Q

Change in sterochemisty SN1

A

50/50 mix of enantiomers (racemic mixture, optically inactive)

59
Q

Change in sterochemisty SN2

A

inversion of configuration

60
Q

which reaction is faster SN1 or SN2

A

SN1

Chemistry (3 decks)

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