organic chem Flashcards
1
Q
which hydrocarbon has only carbon and hydrogen in its functional group?
A
Alkanes
2
Q
which hydrocarbon has the functional group of double carbon bonds
A
Alkenes
3
Q
which hydrocarbon has the functional group C-OH?
A
alcohols
4
Q
which hydrocarbon has the functional group of carbon double bonded to O and single bonded OH?
A
carboxylic acid
5
Q
which hydrocarbon has the functional group of C-X
- x= Cl, F, Br, I
A
Haloalkanes
6
Q
which hydrocarbon has a triple bonded Carbon as its functional group?
A
Alkynes
7
Q
which hydrocarbon has C-NH2 as its functional group
A
Amines
8
Q
how do you name alkanes?
A
_ane
9
Q
what is the general formula of alkanes?
A
CnH2n+2
10
Q
how do you name alkenes?
A
_ene
11
Q
what is the general formula for alkenes?
A
CnH2n
12
Q
how do you name alcohols?
A
_ol
13
Q
what is the general formula for alcohols?
A
CnH2n+1^OH
14
Q
how do you name carboxylic acids?
A
_oic acid
15
Q
how do you name haloalkanes
A
Bromo_
Chloro_
Fluoro_
16
Q
how do you name alkynes?
A
_yne
17
Q
what is the general formula for alkynes?
A
CnH2n-2
18
Q
how do you name amines?
A
_amine
19
Q
what is the prefix when there is 1 carbon?
A
Meth-
20
Q
what is the prefix when there is 2 carbons?
A
Eth-
21
Q
what is the prefix when there are 3 carbons?
A
Prop-
22
Q
what is the prefix when there are 4 carbons?
A
But-
23
Q
what is the prefix when there are 5 carbons?
A
Pent-
24
Q
what is the prefix when there are 6 carbons?
A
Hex-
25
what is the prefix when there are 7 carbons?
Hept-
26
what is the prefix when there is 8 carbons?
Oct-
27
what are the 3 types of fuels?
coal, natural gas, petroleum
28
What is the main constituent of natural gas?
methane
29
what is petroleum?
it is a mixture of hydrocarbons
30
How can petroleum be separated?
fractional distillation
31
different hydrocarbons have different what?
chain lengths
32
what is the use of refinery gases?
bottled gas for heating and cooking
33
what is the use of gasoline (petrol)?
for cars
34
what is the use of naphtha?
making chemicals for plastics
35
what is the use of kerosene/paraffin?
jet fuel
36
what is the use of diesel/gas oil?
fuel for diesel engines
37
what is the use of fuel oil?
ship fuel and for home heating systems
38
what is the use of lubricating fraction?
lubricants, waxes and polishes
39
what is the use of bitumen?
making roads
40
what properties is there when the carbon length is small?
-less intermolecular forces
=lower boiling point
-gas at room temp
41
what properties are there when the carbon length is long?
-more intermolecular forces = higher boiling point
-> harder to break bonds
-liquid -> solid at room temp
42
what is the trend as the temp of the petroleum increases?
low to high boiling point
small molecules-> ignites easily
large molecules->doesn't ignite easily
43
what is a structural isomer?
-same molecular formula but different structural arrangement
-have different physical properties and names
44
how to name alkanes with branched chains (alkyl groups)?
named after the respective alkane but with _yl instead of _ane
45
how to name organic compounds?
1. identify longest chain
2. identify branch chain(s) and name (_yl)
3. identify position of the branch
4. write the full name
46
how do you name a molecule with 2 side chains?
di= 2 identical
tri= 3 identical
tetra= 4 identical
47
how do you name a molecule with 2 different side chains?
-they are written in alphabetical order
48
what is a saturated hydrocarbon?
it is bonded to other atoms only by single bonds
49
are alkanes reactive?
they are generally unreactive (other than combustion)
50
are alkanes soluble in water?
-they are insoluble in water
-forms 2 layers
51
what does polar molecules mean?
they occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms
52
when do non polar molecules appear?
when the electron density is evenly shared
53
when do polar molecules appear?
A structure having an uneven distribution of electron density.
eg water is more polar, holds more electrons
54
what state are small chain alkanes at room temp?
they are gases at room temp due to weak intermolecular forces
55
what state are larger chain alkanes at room temp?
they are liquids at room temp due to stronger
56
what colour are alkanes?
they are all colourless
57
what are the two types of alkane reactions?
-substitution with Br2 or Cl2
-combustion
58
how does the substitution work?
C-H bond is broken and substituted with a C-X bond
59
what are the conditions needed in a substitution reaction?
alkanes are unreactive, needs a UV light catalyst
60
what is halogenation?
reaction with a halogen
61
what flame forms in complete combustion?
blue flame
62
what flame forms in incomplete combustion?
yellow flame
63
what is the equation for complete combustion?
alkane + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
64
what is the equation for an incomplete combustion?
alkane + O2 -> CO + H2O
65
what does cracking do?
it is a process which breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller ones and alkene
66
what are the two types of cracking?
thermal cracking and catalytic cracking
67
how is thermal cracking carried out?
high temp (750C) and high pressure (70atm)
68
how is catalytic cracking carried out?
low temp (500C) and low pressure with a zeolite catalyst
69
which process of cracking is most commonly used in the industry?
catalytic- produces more molecules used in petrol
70
what happens when you add Br2 to an alkene?
-double bond breaks and 2 stops are added to the carbons on the double bond
-the alkene has two Br atoms added to form a dihaloalkane
71
what colour change occurs when you add Br2 to alkenes?
orange to colourless
72
what happens when you add H2 to an alkene?
alkene + H2 -> alkene
73
what type of catalyst is used for addition with H2?
platinum catalyst
74
what happens when you add H2O to an alkene?
alkene + H2O -> alcohol
75
how do you test for saturation?
add orange bromine water
76
what is the word equation for what happens when you add Br2 to an alkane?
alkane + Br2 -> haloalkane
77
what is the colour change of the alkane + Br2 reaction ?
orange to colourless
78
how does the alkane and Br2 reaction take place?
-occurs very slowly
-needs UV catalyst
=saturated
79
what is the word equation for the reaction between Br2 and an alkene?
alkene + Br2 -> dihaloalkane
80
what colour change takes place when you add Br2 to an alkene?
orange to colourless
81
how does the Br2 and alkene reaction take place?
-occurs rapidly
-no catalyst needed
=unsaturated
82
what is fermentation?
when yeast ferments sugar, a natural waste product is ethanol
83
what is the word equation for fermentation?
glucose (aq) -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
84
what can ethanol be used for?
can be used for fuel for cars and as a solvent
85
when alkenes react with H2O/steam (high temp) in an addition, what is formed?
an alcohol
86
what temp is addition reaction?
300 degrees and acid catalyst is needed
87
what is the word equation for the addition reaction?
ethene + water (g) -> ethanol
88
when ethanol is fully combusted, what are its combustion products?
carbon dioxide and water
-ethanol very flammable, burns more cleanly then any other fuels
89
what is ethanol used for as a solvent?
fatty acids, hydrocarbons, fats, oil, waves
90
what is the homologous series?
series of compounds with the same functional group
91
what are the attributes of addition reaction?
-non renewable source
-large scale equipment and high pressure
-a continuous process
-fast reaction rate
-yields highly pure
-ethanol
-complex method
92
what are the attributes of fermentation?
-renewable source
-relative simple
-batch process
-slow process
-ethanol must be purified
