organic chem Flashcards
which hydrocarbon has only carbon and hydrogen in its functional group?
Alkanes
which hydrocarbon has the functional group of double carbon bonds
Alkenes
which hydrocarbon has the functional group C-OH?
alcohols
which hydrocarbon has the functional group of carbon double bonded to O and single bonded OH?
carboxylic acid
which hydrocarbon has the functional group of C-X
- x= Cl, F, Br, I
Haloalkanes
which hydrocarbon has a triple bonded Carbon as its functional group?
Alkynes
which hydrocarbon has C-NH2 as its functional group
Amines
how do you name alkanes?
_ane
what is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
how do you name alkenes?
_ene
what is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
how do you name alcohols?
_ol
what is the general formula for alcohols?
CnH2n+1^OH
how do you name carboxylic acids?
_oic acid
how do you name haloalkanes
Bromo_
Chloro_
Fluoro_
how do you name alkynes?
_yne
what is the general formula for alkynes?
CnH2n-2
how do you name amines?
_amine
what is the prefix when there is 1 carbon?
Meth-
what is the prefix when there is 2 carbons?
Eth-
what is the prefix when there are 3 carbons?
Prop-
what is the prefix when there are 4 carbons?
But-
what is the prefix when there are 5 carbons?
Pent-
what is the prefix when there are 6 carbons?
Hex-
what is the prefix when there are 7 carbons?
Hept-
what is the prefix when there is 8 carbons?
Oct-
what are the 3 types of fuels?
coal, natural gas, petroleum
What is the main constituent of natural gas?
methane
what is petroleum?
it is a mixture of hydrocarbons
How can petroleum be separated?
fractional distillation
different hydrocarbons have different what?
chain lengths
what is the use of refinery gases?
bottled gas for heating and cooking
what is the use of gasoline (petrol)?
for cars
what is the use of naphtha?
making chemicals for plastics
what is the use of kerosene/paraffin?
jet fuel
what is the use of diesel/gas oil?
fuel for diesel engines
what is the use of fuel oil?
ship fuel and for home heating systems
what is the use of lubricating fraction?
lubricants, waxes and polishes
what is the use of bitumen?
making roads
what properties is there when the carbon length is small?
-less intermolecular forces
=lower boiling point
-gas at room temp
what properties are there when the carbon length is long?
-more intermolecular forces = higher boiling point
-> harder to break bonds
-liquid -> solid at room temp
what is the trend as the temp of the petroleum increases?
low to high boiling point
small molecules-> ignites easily
large molecules->doesn’t ignite easily
what is a structural isomer?
-same molecular formula but different structural arrangement
-have different physical properties and names
how to name alkanes with branched chains (alkyl groups)?
named after the respective alkane but with _yl instead of _ane
how to name organic compounds?
- identify longest chain
- identify branch chain(s) and name (_yl)
- identify position of the branch
- write the full name
how do you name a molecule with 2 side chains?
di= 2 identical
tri= 3 identical
tetra= 4 identical
how do you name a molecule with 2 different side chains?
-they are written in alphabetical order
what is a saturated hydrocarbon?
it is bonded to other atoms only by single bonds
are alkanes reactive?
they are generally unreactive (other than combustion)
are alkanes soluble in water?
-they are insoluble in water
-forms 2 layers
what does polar molecules mean?
they occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms
when do non polar molecules appear?
when the electron density is evenly shared
when do polar molecules appear?
A structure having an uneven distribution of electron density.
eg water is more polar, holds more electrons
what state are small chain alkanes at room temp?
they are gases at room temp due to weak intermolecular forces
what state are larger chain alkanes at room temp?
they are liquids at room temp due to stronger
what colour are alkanes?
they are all colourless
what are the two types of alkane reactions?
-substitution with Br2 or Cl2
-combustion
how does the substitution work?
C-H bond is broken and substituted with a C-X bond
what are the conditions needed in a substitution reaction?
alkanes are unreactive, needs a UV light catalyst
what is halogenation?
reaction with a halogen
what flame forms in complete combustion?
blue flame
what flame forms in incomplete combustion?
yellow flame
what is the equation for complete combustion?
alkane + O2 -> CO2 + H2O
what is the equation for an incomplete combustion?
alkane + O2 -> CO + H2O
what does cracking do?
it is a process which breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller ones and alkene
what are the two types of cracking?
thermal cracking and catalytic cracking
how is thermal cracking carried out?
high temp (750C) and high pressure (70atm)
how is catalytic cracking carried out?
low temp (500C) and low pressure with a zeolite catalyst
which process of cracking is most commonly used in the industry?
catalytic- produces more molecules used in petrol
what happens when you add Br2 to an alkene?
-double bond breaks and 2 stops are added to the carbons on the double bond
-the alkene has two Br atoms added to form a dihaloalkane
what colour change occurs when you add Br2 to alkenes?
orange to colourless
what happens when you add H2 to an alkene?
alkene + H2 -> alkene
what type of catalyst is used for addition with H2?
platinum catalyst
what happens when you add H2O to an alkene?
alkene + H2O -> alcohol
how do you test for saturation?
add orange bromine water
what is the word equation for what happens when you add Br2 to an alkane?
alkane + Br2 -> haloalkane
what is the colour change of the alkane + Br2 reaction ?
orange to colourless
how does the alkane and Br2 reaction take place?
-occurs very slowly
-needs UV catalyst
=saturated
what is the word equation for the reaction between Br2 and an alkene?
alkene + Br2 -> dihaloalkane
what colour change takes place when you add Br2 to an alkene?
orange to colourless
how does the Br2 and alkene reaction take place?
-occurs rapidly
-no catalyst needed
=unsaturated
what is fermentation?
when yeast ferments sugar, a natural waste product is ethanol
what is the word equation for fermentation?
glucose (aq) -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
what can ethanol be used for?
can be used for fuel for cars and as a solvent
when alkenes react with H2O/steam (high temp) in an addition, what is formed?
an alcohol
what temp is addition reaction?
300 degrees and acid catalyst is needed
what is the word equation for the addition reaction?
ethene + water (g) -> ethanol
when ethanol is fully combusted, what are its combustion products?
carbon dioxide and water
-ethanol very flammable, burns more cleanly then any other fuels
what is ethanol used for as a solvent?
fatty acids, hydrocarbons, fats, oil, waves
what is the homologous series?
series of compounds with the same functional group
what are the attributes of addition reaction?
-non renewable source
-large scale equipment and high pressure
-a continuous process
-fast reaction rate
-yields highly pure
-ethanol
-complex method
what are the attributes of fermentation?
-renewable source
-relative simple
-batch process
-slow process
-ethanol must be purified
