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Igsce chem > organic chem > Flashcards

organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

which hydrocarbon has only carbon and hydrogen in its functional group?

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

which hydrocarbon has the functional group of double carbon bonds

A

Alkenes

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3
Q

which hydrocarbon has the functional group C-OH?

A

alcohols

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4
Q

which hydrocarbon has the functional group of carbon double bonded to O and single bonded OH?

A

carboxylic acid

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5
Q

which hydrocarbon has the functional group of C-X
- x= Cl, F, Br, I

A

Haloalkanes

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6
Q

which hydrocarbon has a triple bonded Carbon as its functional group?

A

Alkynes

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7
Q

which hydrocarbon has C-NH2 as its functional group

A

Amines

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8
Q

how do you name alkanes?

A

_ane

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9
Q

what is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

how do you name alkenes?

A

_ene

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11
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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12
Q

how do you name alcohols?

A

_ol

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13
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1^OH

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14
Q

how do you name carboxylic acids?

A

_oic acid

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15
Q

how do you name haloalkanes

A

Bromo_
Chloro_
Fluoro_

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16
Q

how do you name alkynes?

A

_yne

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17
Q

what is the general formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n-2

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18
Q

how do you name amines?

A

_amine

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19
Q

what is the prefix when there is 1 carbon?

A

Meth-

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20
Q

what is the prefix when there is 2 carbons?

A

Eth-

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21
Q

what is the prefix when there are 3 carbons?

A

Prop-

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22
Q

what is the prefix when there are 4 carbons?

A

But-

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23
Q

what is the prefix when there are 5 carbons?

A

Pent-

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24
Q

what is the prefix when there are 6 carbons?

A

Hex-

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25
Q

what is the prefix when there are 7 carbons?

A

Hept-

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26
Q

what is the prefix when there is 8 carbons?

A

Oct-

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27
Q

what are the 3 types of fuels?

A

coal, natural gas, petroleum

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28
Q

What is the main constituent of natural gas?

A

methane

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29
Q

what is petroleum?

A

it is a mixture of hydrocarbons

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30
Q

How can petroleum be separated?

A

fractional distillation

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31
Q

different hydrocarbons have different what?

A

chain lengths

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32
Q

what is the use of refinery gases?

A

bottled gas for heating and cooking

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33
Q

what is the use of gasoline (petrol)?

A

for cars

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34
Q

what is the use of naphtha?

A

making chemicals for plastics

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35
Q

what is the use of kerosene/paraffin?

A

jet fuel

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36
Q

what is the use of diesel/gas oil?

A

fuel for diesel engines

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37
Q

what is the use of fuel oil?

A

ship fuel and for home heating systems

38
Q

what is the use of lubricating fraction?

A

lubricants, waxes and polishes

39
Q

what is the use of bitumen?

A

making roads

40
Q

what properties is there when the carbon length is small?

A

-less intermolecular forces
=lower boiling point
-gas at room temp

41
Q

what properties are there when the carbon length is long?

A

-more intermolecular forces = higher boiling point
-> harder to break bonds
-liquid -> solid at room temp

42
Q

what is the trend as the temp of the petroleum increases?

A

low to high boiling point
small molecules-> ignites easily
large molecules->doesn’t ignite easily

43
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

-same molecular formula but different structural arrangement
-have different physical properties and names

44
Q

how to name alkanes with branched chains (alkyl groups)?

A

named after the respective alkane but with _yl instead of _ane

45
Q

how to name organic compounds?

A
  1. identify longest chain
  2. identify branch chain(s) and name (_yl)
  3. identify position of the branch
  4. write the full name
46
Q

how do you name a molecule with 2 side chains?

A

di= 2 identical
tri= 3 identical
tetra= 4 identical

47
Q

how do you name a molecule with 2 different side chains?

A

-they are written in alphabetical order

48
Q

what is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

it is bonded to other atoms only by single bonds

49
Q

are alkanes reactive?

A

they are generally unreactive (other than combustion)

50
Q

are alkanes soluble in water?

A

-they are insoluble in water
-forms 2 layers

51
Q

what does polar molecules mean?

A

they occur when there is an electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms

52
Q

when do non polar molecules appear?

A

when the electron density is evenly shared

53
Q

when do polar molecules appear?

A

A structure having an uneven distribution of electron density.
eg water is more polar, holds more electrons

54
Q

what state are small chain alkanes at room temp?

A

they are gases at room temp due to weak intermolecular forces

55
Q

what state are larger chain alkanes at room temp?

A

they are liquids at room temp due to stronger

56
Q

what colour are alkanes?

A

they are all colourless

57
Q

what are the two types of alkane reactions?

A

-substitution with Br2 or Cl2
-combustion

58
Q

how does the substitution work?

A

C-H bond is broken and substituted with a C-X bond

59
Q

what are the conditions needed in a substitution reaction?

A

alkanes are unreactive, needs a UV light catalyst

60
Q

what is halogenation?

A

reaction with a halogen

61
Q

what flame forms in complete combustion?

A

blue flame

62
Q

what flame forms in incomplete combustion?

A

yellow flame

63
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion?

A

alkane + O2 -> CO2 + H2O

64
Q

what is the equation for an incomplete combustion?

A

alkane + O2 -> CO + H2O

65
Q

what does cracking do?

A

it is a process which breaks down long chain hydrocarbons into smaller ones and alkene

66
Q

what are the two types of cracking?

A

thermal cracking and catalytic cracking

67
Q

how is thermal cracking carried out?

A

high temp (750C) and high pressure (70atm)

68
Q

how is catalytic cracking carried out?

A

low temp (500C) and low pressure with a zeolite catalyst

69
Q

which process of cracking is most commonly used in the industry?

A

catalytic- produces more molecules used in petrol

70
Q

what happens when you add Br2 to an alkene?

A

-double bond breaks and 2 stops are added to the carbons on the double bond
-the alkene has two Br atoms added to form a dihaloalkane

71
Q

what colour change occurs when you add Br2 to alkenes?

A

orange to colourless

72
Q

what happens when you add H2 to an alkene?

A

alkene + H2 -> alkene

73
Q

what type of catalyst is used for addition with H2?

A

platinum catalyst

74
Q

what happens when you add H2O to an alkene?

A

alkene + H2O -> alcohol

75
Q

how do you test for saturation?

A

add orange bromine water

76
Q

what is the word equation for what happens when you add Br2 to an alkane?

A

alkane + Br2 -> haloalkane

77
Q

what is the colour change of the alkane + Br2 reaction ?

A

orange to colourless

78
Q

how does the alkane and Br2 reaction take place?

A

-occurs very slowly
-needs UV catalyst
=saturated

79
Q

what is the word equation for the reaction between Br2 and an alkene?

A

alkene + Br2 -> dihaloalkane

80
Q

what colour change takes place when you add Br2 to an alkene?

A

orange to colourless

81
Q

how does the Br2 and alkene reaction take place?

A

-occurs rapidly
-no catalyst needed
=unsaturated

82
Q

what is fermentation?

A

when yeast ferments sugar, a natural waste product is ethanol

83
Q

what is the word equation for fermentation?

A

glucose (aq) -> ethanol + carbon dioxide

84
Q

what can ethanol be used for?

A

can be used for fuel for cars and as a solvent

85
Q

when alkenes react with H2O/steam (high temp) in an addition, what is formed?

A

an alcohol

86
Q

what temp is addition reaction?

A

300 degrees and acid catalyst is needed

87
Q

what is the word equation for the addition reaction?

A

ethene + water (g) -> ethanol

88
Q

when ethanol is fully combusted, what are its combustion products?

A

carbon dioxide and water
-ethanol very flammable, burns more cleanly then any other fuels

89
Q

what is ethanol used for as a solvent?

A

fatty acids, hydrocarbons, fats, oil, waves

90
Q

what is the homologous series?

A

series of compounds with the same functional group

91
Q

what are the attributes of addition reaction?

A

-non renewable source
-large scale equipment and high pressure
-a continuous process
-fast reaction rate
-yields highly pure
-ethanol
-complex method

92
Q

what are the attributes of fermentation?

A

-renewable source
-relative simple
-batch process
-slow process
-ethanol must be purified

Igsce chem (1 decks)

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