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organic chem Flashcards

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1
Q

draw reaction map

A

refer to notes

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2
Q

alkene to alkane reagent

A

H2, catalyst Ni or Pt

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3
Q

alkene to alkane reaction

A

addition

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4
Q

alkene to alcohol reagent

A

H2O/H+ or dil H2SO4

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5
Q

alkene to alcohol reaction

A

addition

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6
Q

alcohol to alkene reagent

A

conc H2SO4

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7
Q

alcohol to alkene reaction

A

elimination

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8
Q

alkane to haloalkane reagent

A

X2/U.V light

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9
Q

alkane to haloalkane reaction

A

substitution

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10
Q

alkene to polymer reagent

A

+ alkene

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11
Q

alkene to polymer reaction

A

addition polymerisation

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12
Q

alkene to diol reagent

A

MnO4-/H+

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13
Q

alkene to diol reaction

A

redox/oxidation + addition

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14
Q

alkene to haloalkane reagent

A

X2 or HX

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15
Q

alkene to haloalkane reaction

A

addition

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16
Q

haloalkane to alkene reagent

A

KOH (alcoholic)

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17
Q

haloalkane to alkene reaction

A

elimination

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18
Q

haloalkane to alcohol reagent

A

KOH (aq)

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19
Q

haloalkane to alcohol reaction

A

substitution

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20
Q

alcohol to haloalkane reagent

A

SOCl3 or PCl5 or PCl3, reflux

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21
Q

alcohol to haloalkane reaction

A

substitution

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22
Q

alcohol to carboxylic acid reagent

A

MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O72-/H+

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23
Q

alcohol to carboxylic acid reaction

A

redox/oxidation

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24
Q

carboxylic acid to carboxylic salt reagent

A

base, e.g NaOH

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25
Q

carboxylic acid to carboxylic salt recation

A

acid/base

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26
Q

haloalkane to amine reagent

A

conc NH3

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27
Q

haloalkane to amine reaction

A

substitution

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28
Q

amine to ammonium salt reagent

A

acid, e.g HCl

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29
Q

amine to ammonium salt reaction

A

acid/base

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30
Q

isomer definition

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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31
Q

constitutional isomer

A

have the same molecular formula because they have the same number of atoms of each element but a different structural formula because atom to atom connection is different

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32
Q

CHAIN structural isomer

A

caused by different arrangements of carbon skeleton.

similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group and slightly different physical properties

33
Q

POSITIONAL structural isomer

A

position of the bonds
–> when functional groups are moved and placed on different carbon atom in the main chain, the structural formula becomes different

34
Q

functional group

A

different functional group means these isomers will have different chemical and physical properties

35
Q

bond rotation

A

single bonds have free rotation about the axis

36
Q

cistrans isometriation

A

requires both carbons in double bonds be bonded by to 2 different atoms or groups

37
Q

stereoisomers are:

A

compound with:

the same molecular formula with the same sequence of atoms but different 3D geometry

38
Q

3 requirements to meet for stereoisomer

A
  1. requires a carbon to carbon double bond because the C=C bond restricts rotation
  2. each carbon attached to the double bond must have 2 different groups bonded to it
  3. there must be a common group on each side of the double bond
39
Q

found in some but not all alkenes:

related to stereoisomer

A

where there are only single bonds, carbon-carbon bonds. The atoms do not have a fixed position and can freely move

40
Q

substitution

A

when one functional group is removed and swapped with another

41
Q

elimination

A

from saturated to unsaturated by removing the functional group and adjacent C’s H atom, a double bond is made

42
Q

are double bonds saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

43
Q

addition

A

from unsaturated to saturated by joining two molecules. A C=C bond is broken, and single bonds to X and y are formed to each atom

44
Q

acid/base

A

a proton (H+) is donated from one reagent to the other

45
Q

redox/oxidation

A

the organic molecule has gained oxygen

46
Q

addition polymerisation reaction definition

A

the linking of many small unsaturated monomers combining to from one large polymer without the co-generation of other products

47
Q

major and minor in elimination reactions:

A

zaitseff rule

48
Q

zaitseff rule definition

A

(most) secondary alcohols and haloalkanes are asymmetric, i.e, the C atoms either side of the C with the functional group have different numbers of H atoms attached.
The major product is formed by the removal of the functional group (eg. -OH or -halogen) and an H atom from the adjacent carbon that has the fewest H’s

49
Q

zaitseff rule tip

A

poor get poorer

50
Q

markovnivov rule definiton

A

when H-X is added to an asymmetric alkene the major product will have the H atom bonding to the C atom, in the double bond, with the greatest number of H atoms already attached. The adjacent C atom (from the double bond) bonds to the X atom.

51
Q

markovnikov rule tip

A

rich get richer

52
Q

major and minor in haloalkane to alkene

A

markovnikov rule

53
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A

many alkane monomers react together. The C=C breaks leaving a C-C and new covalent bonds form with adjacent molecules forming a polymer. This occurs without the co-generation of other products.

54
Q

types of alcohols and haloalkanes

A

primary, secondary and tertiary

55
Q

how is primary determined

A

there is one carbon group attached to the carbon atom with the OH- or Cl- or Br-

56
Q

how is secondary determined

A

there are two carbon groups attached to the carbon atom with the OH- or Cl- or Br-

57
Q

how is tertiary determined

A

there are three carbon groups attached to the carbon atom with the OH- or Cl- or Br-

58
Q

melting and boiling

A

the melting and boiling points correlate with the molecular mass, shape, and polarity of the molecules

59
Q

higher melting and boiling point means:

A

larger molar mass results in larger intermolecular forces therefore…

60
Q

why does boiling point increase for straight chain isomers

A

there is a greater surface area available for contact, as it has more points for the intermolecular forces to act compared to branched chain molecules

61
Q

polarity related to boiling point

A

the more polar the molecule, the higher the boiling point

62
Q

what is the strongest intermolecular force

A

hydrogen bonding

63
Q

are most organic molecules polar or non-polar

A

non-polar

64
Q

which groups allow hydrogen bonding

A

the polar -NH and -OH

65
Q

are molecules able to hydrogen bond polar

A

molecules able to hydrogen bond are the most polar molecule, therefore soluble

66
Q

which organic molecules are soluble in water

A

C1-C3 alcohols (-OH), carboxylic acids (-OH), amines (-NH), amides (NH-)

67
Q

solubility decreases when:

A

hydrocarbon chain length increases

68
Q

solubility

A

the more polar a molecule the more soluble it will be

69
Q

identification amine

A

damp red litmus paper –> go blue

70
Q

identification carboxylic acid

A

damp blue litmus paper –> go red
OR
carbonate/hydrogen carbonate –> effervescence

71
Q

identification alkene

A

bromine water –> orange to colourless quickly
OR
acidified permanganate –> purple to colourless quickly

72
Q

identification alcohol

A

acidified dichromate and heat –> orange to green quickly
OR
acidified permanganate and heat –> purple to colourless quickly

73
Q

amine identification equation using CH3NH2

A

look @ doc

74
Q

carboxylic acid identification equation using CH3COOH (litmus)

A

doc

75
Q

carboxylic acid identification equation using CH3COOH (carbonate/hydrogen carbonate)

A

doc

76
Q

alkene identification equation using C6H12 (bromine water)

A

doc

77
Q

alkene identification equation using C6H12 (acidified permanganate)

A

doc

78
Q

alcohol identification equation using CH3CH2OH (acidified dichromate)

A

doc

79
Q

alcohol identification equation using CH3CH2OH (acidified permanganate)

A

doc

chemistry (3 decks)

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