organic chem Flashcards
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refer to notes
alkene to alkane reagent
H2, catalyst Ni or Pt
alkene to alkane reaction
addition
alkene to alcohol reagent
H2O/H+ or dil H2SO4
alkene to alcohol reaction
addition
alcohol to alkene reagent
conc H2SO4
alcohol to alkene reaction
elimination
alkane to haloalkane reagent
X2/U.V light
alkane to haloalkane reaction
substitution
alkene to polymer reagent
+ alkene
alkene to polymer reaction
addition polymerisation
alkene to diol reagent
MnO4-/H+
alkene to diol reaction
redox/oxidation + addition
alkene to haloalkane reagent
X2 or HX
alkene to haloalkane reaction
addition
haloalkane to alkene reagent
KOH (alcoholic)
haloalkane to alkene reaction
elimination
haloalkane to alcohol reagent
KOH (aq)
haloalkane to alcohol reaction
substitution
alcohol to haloalkane reagent
SOCl3 or PCl5 or PCl3, reflux
alcohol to haloalkane reaction
substitution
alcohol to carboxylic acid reagent
MnO4-/H+ or Cr2O72-/H+
alcohol to carboxylic acid reaction
redox/oxidation
carboxylic acid to carboxylic salt reagent
base, e.g NaOH
carboxylic acid to carboxylic salt recation
acid/base
haloalkane to amine reagent
conc NH3
haloalkane to amine reaction
substitution
amine to ammonium salt reagent
acid, e.g HCl
amine to ammonium salt reaction
acid/base
isomer definition
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
constitutional isomer
have the same molecular formula because they have the same number of atoms of each element but a different structural formula because atom to atom connection is different
CHAIN structural isomer
caused by different arrangements of carbon skeleton.
similar chemical properties because they have the same functional group and slightly different physical properties
POSITIONAL structural isomer
position of the bonds
–> when functional groups are moved and placed on different carbon atom in the main chain, the structural formula becomes different
functional group
different functional group means these isomers will have different chemical and physical properties
bond rotation
single bonds have free rotation about the axis
cistrans isometriation
requires both carbons in double bonds be bonded by to 2 different atoms or groups
stereoisomers are:
compound with:
the same molecular formula with the same sequence of atoms but different 3D geometry
3 requirements to meet for stereoisomer
- requires a carbon to carbon double bond because the C=C bond restricts rotation
- each carbon attached to the double bond must have 2 different groups bonded to it
- there must be a common group on each side of the double bond
found in some but not all alkenes:
related to stereoisomer
where there are only single bonds, carbon-carbon bonds. The atoms do not have a fixed position and can freely move
substitution
when one functional group is removed and swapped with another
elimination
from saturated to unsaturated by removing the functional group and adjacent C’s H atom, a double bond is made
are double bonds saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
addition
from unsaturated to saturated by joining two molecules. A C=C bond is broken, and single bonds to X and y are formed to each atom
acid/base
a proton (H+) is donated from one reagent to the other
redox/oxidation
the organic molecule has gained oxygen
addition polymerisation reaction definition
the linking of many small unsaturated monomers combining to from one large polymer without the co-generation of other products
major and minor in elimination reactions:
zaitseff rule
zaitseff rule definition
(most) secondary alcohols and haloalkanes are asymmetric, i.e, the C atoms either side of the C with the functional group have different numbers of H atoms attached.
The major product is formed by the removal of the functional group (eg. -OH or -halogen) and an H atom from the adjacent carbon that has the fewest H’s
zaitseff rule tip
poor get poorer
markovnivov rule definiton
when H-X is added to an asymmetric alkene the major product will have the H atom bonding to the C atom, in the double bond, with the greatest number of H atoms already attached. The adjacent C atom (from the double bond) bonds to the X atom.
markovnikov rule tip
rich get richer
major and minor in haloalkane to alkene
markovnikov rule
what is addition polymerisation
many alkane monomers react together. The C=C breaks leaving a C-C and new covalent bonds form with adjacent molecules forming a polymer. This occurs without the co-generation of other products.
types of alcohols and haloalkanes
primary, secondary and tertiary
how is primary determined
there is one carbon group attached to the carbon atom with the OH- or Cl- or Br-
how is secondary determined
there are two carbon groups attached to the carbon atom with the OH- or Cl- or Br-
how is tertiary determined
there are three carbon groups attached to the carbon atom with the OH- or Cl- or Br-
melting and boiling
the melting and boiling points correlate with the molecular mass, shape, and polarity of the molecules
higher melting and boiling point means:
larger molar mass results in larger intermolecular forces therefore…
why does boiling point increase for straight chain isomers
there is a greater surface area available for contact, as it has more points for the intermolecular forces to act compared to branched chain molecules
polarity related to boiling point
the more polar the molecule, the higher the boiling point
what is the strongest intermolecular force
hydrogen bonding
are most organic molecules polar or non-polar
non-polar
which groups allow hydrogen bonding
the polar -NH and -OH
are molecules able to hydrogen bond polar
molecules able to hydrogen bond are the most polar molecule, therefore soluble
which organic molecules are soluble in water
C1-C3 alcohols (-OH), carboxylic acids (-OH), amines (-NH), amides (NH-)
solubility decreases when:
hydrocarbon chain length increases
solubility
the more polar a molecule the more soluble it will be
identification amine
damp red litmus paper –> go blue
identification carboxylic acid
damp blue litmus paper –> go red
OR
carbonate/hydrogen carbonate –> effervescence
identification alkene
bromine water –> orange to colourless quickly
OR
acidified permanganate –> purple to colourless quickly
identification alcohol
acidified dichromate and heat –> orange to green quickly
OR
acidified permanganate and heat –> purple to colourless quickly
amine identification equation using CH3NH2
look @ doc
carboxylic acid identification equation using CH3COOH (litmus)
doc
carboxylic acid identification equation using CH3COOH (carbonate/hydrogen carbonate)
doc
alkene identification equation using C6H12 (bromine water)
doc
alkene identification equation using C6H12 (acidified permanganate)
doc
alcohol identification equation using CH3CH2OH (acidified dichromate)
doc
alcohol identification equation using CH3CH2OH (acidified permanganate)
doc
