Organic acids Flashcards
Chiral molecules
A molecule that is not superimposable with its mirror image
Chiral center
An atom especially in an organic molecule that has four different atoms or groups attached to it.
Enantiomer
Enantiomers are organic molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images
Have identical physical properties
Diastereomers
A type stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another. They are also non-superimposable due to the different spatial arrangement
( ex. Glucose and galactose)
Have different physical properties
Carboxylic acids
Characterized by the carboxyl group ( carbonyl group+ hydroxyl group)
Carbon is hybridized sp2
IUPAC: alkane prefix+ oic acid
Derive from the oxidation of the corresponding aldehyde
Strongly polar
Can hydrogen bond ( soluble in water)
Acidity of carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acids are weak acids
They react with bases to form salts
Anhydrides
Two molecules of acid can undergo condensation and lose a water (dehydrating conditions) to form an anhydride
Acyl chlorides
Replacement of the hydroxyl group with chlorine yields an acid chloride or acyl chloride
( R-CO group= acyl group)
Alpha hydroxy acid
a class of chemical compounds that consist of a carboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group substituent on the adjacent (alpha) carbon glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, and citric acid.
Dicarboxylic acid
Organic molecules containing two -COOH groups
- Oxalic acid: two -COOH bonded together (ethanedioic acid)
- Malonic acid: one methylene (CH2) bridge (propanedioic)
- Succinic acid: two methylenes (butanedioic)
- Glutaric acid: three (pentanedioic)
- Adipic acid: four (hexanedioic)
- Pimelic acid: five (heptanedioic)
α-ketoacids
Carboxylic acids that have a keto group directly attached to the COOH
Have properties of both ketones and acids
ex.
α-ketopropionic acid (pyruvate)
α-ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate)
Keto and hydroxyacids
The ketone group can be selectively reduced to hydroxyl, and vice versa the hydroxyl can be oxidized to a ketone
Thioesters
Products of condensation between an acid and a thiol ( sulfur containing alchool)
