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3/4 Chem > organic > Flashcards

organic Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the suffix of an alcohol?

A

-ol

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2
Q

what is the suffix of an aldehyde?

A

-al

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3
Q

what is the suffix of a ketone?

A

-one

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4
Q

what is the suffix of a carboxcylic acid?

A

-oic acid

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5
Q

what is the suffix of an ester?

A

as alkyl alkanoate

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6
Q

what is the suffix of an amine?

A

-amine

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7
Q

what is the suffix of an amide?

A

-amide

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8
Q

what is the suffix of a chlorine haloalkane?

A

chloro-

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9
Q

what is the suffix of a fluorine haloalkane?

A

fluoro-

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10
Q

what is the suffix of an iodine haloalkane?

A

iodo-

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11
Q

what is the suffix of a bromide haloalkane?

A

bromo-

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12
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of an alcohol?

A

hydroxyl

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13
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of an aldehyde?

A

aldehyde

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14
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of a ketone?

A

carbonyl

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15
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of a carboxcylic acid?

A

carboxyl

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16
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of an ester?

A

ester

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17
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of an ether?

A

ether

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18
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of an amine?

A

amine

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19
Q

what is the group name for the homologus series of an amide?

A

amide

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20
Q

what are the three structures of alcohols?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • tertiary
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21
Q

how many other carbons is the carbon atom connected to the functional group bonded to in a primary alcohol?

A

one other carbon atom

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22
Q

how many other carbons is the carbon atom connected to the functional group bonded to in a secondary alcohol?

A

two other carbon atoms

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23
Q

how many other carbons is the carbon atom connected to the functional group bonded to in a tertiary alcohol?

A

three other carbon atoms

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24
Q

how many valence electrons does carbon have available for bonding?

A

4

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25
Q

what are hydrocarbons composed of?

A

hydrogen and carbon

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26
Q

what is the simplest family of hydrocarbons?

A

alkanes

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27
Q

what type of bonds do alkanes have?

A

single bonds

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28
Q

why are alkanes considered saturated?

A

because they cannot take up any more hydrogen atoms due to their singular bonds

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29
Q

are alkanes considered saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated

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30
Q

are alkenes considered saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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31
Q

are alkynes considered saturated or unsaturated?

A

unsaturated

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32
Q

what is the formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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33
Q

what are the first four members of the alkane homologus series?

A
  • methane
  • ethane
  • propane
  • butane
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34
Q

what kind of bonds do alkenes contain?

A

at least one double bond

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35
Q

what is the formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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36
Q

what kind of bonds do alkynes contain?

A

at least one triple bond

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37
Q

what is the formula for an alkyne?

A

CnH2n-2

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38
Q

what is a structural isomer?

A

have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, therefore different names

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39
Q

what suffix do alkanes have?

A

-ane

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40
Q

what suffix do alkenes have?

A

-ene

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41
Q

what suffix do alkynes have?

A

-yne

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42
Q

what is the formula of cyclohexane?

A

C6H12

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43
Q

what is the formula for benzene?

A

C6H6

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44
Q

what type of ring is cyclohexane?

A

an aliphatic ring

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45
Q

what type of ring is benzene?

A

an aromatic ring

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46
Q

what characteristic smells do aldehydes have?

A

vanilla and cinnamon

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47
Q

how does an aldehyde differ from a ketone?

A

the position of the C=O

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48
Q

how is the position of the C=O different in a ketone and an aldehyde?

A

if the C=O is connected to an adjacent carbon atom its a ketone

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49
Q

what are esters widely used for?

A

solvents, flavourings and to make fibres

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50
Q

what functional group do esters contain?

A

-OCO-

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51
Q

how are esters formed?

A

from the reaction of a carboxcylic acid and an alcohol

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52
Q

what are the smells of amines associated with?

A

fishy smells associated with decaying animal tissues

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53
Q

what are the intramolecular forces?

A
  • dispersion
  • dipole-dipole
  • hydrogen bonding
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54
Q

what is a dispersion force?

A

neighbouring molecules with similar temporary dipoles are attracted weakly to each other

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55
Q

what is the strength of a dispersion force affected by?

A

the size and shape of the molecule

56
Q

what is the weakest intramolecular force?

A

dispersion

57
Q

what is the strongest of the intramolecular forces?

A

hydrogen bonding

58
Q

what is a dipole-dipole force?

A

the partial positive charge on one molecule is electrostatically . attracted to the partial negative charge on a neighbouring molecule

59
Q

are dipole-dipole forces stronger or weaker than dispersion forces?

A

stronger

60
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

takes place between a molecule containing H atoms bonded to highly electronegative elements such as F,O and N

61
Q

what is a stereoisomer?

A

atoms are connected in the same order but are orientated differently in space

62
Q

do chain isomers with more branches have a higher or lower boiling pt?

A

lower

63
Q

what is a positional isomer?

A

different position of functional group

64
Q

what is a functional isomer?

A

same atoms with different functional groups

65
Q

what are the two stereoisomer variations?

A

cis and trans isomers

66
Q

how are cis isomers structured?

A

around a double c=c bond or ring on same side of the molecule

67
Q

how are trans isomers structured?

A

around a double c=c bond or ring on opposite sides of the molecule

68
Q

does the dispersion forces in an alkane increase or decrease with increasing chain length?

A

increases

69
Q

does the viscosity of an alkane increase or decrease with increasing chain length?

A

increase

70
Q

what is a flashpoint?

A

the lowest temp at which a liquid gives off enough vapour to start burning at its surface on application with an ignition source

71
Q

do smaller molecules have a higher or lower flashpoint?

A

lower

72
Q

if smaller molecules have a lower flashpoint are they more or less flammable?

A

more flammable

73
Q

does the vapourisation rate increase or decrease with increasing temps?

A

increase

74
Q

are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes?

A

more

75
Q

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

due to the high electron density available within their bonds and because the electrons in the double bond are more accessible

76
Q

do alkynes have decreased or increased polarity?

A

decreased

77
Q

are alkynes flammable?

A

highly flammable

78
Q

what kind of bonds can alcohols form with other alcohol molecules or water?

A

hydrogen bonds

79
Q

do alcohols have a higher or lower boiling point than corresponding alkanes?

A

higher

80
Q

does the boiling point of a primary alcohol increase or decrease with increasing chain length?

A

increases

81
Q

why does the b.p of a primary alcohol increase with increasing chain length?

A

more dispersion forces

82
Q

does the flammability of an alcohol increase or decrease with increasing chain length?

A

decreases

83
Q

are small alcohols soluble in water?

A

yes

84
Q

are small carboxylic acids soluble in water?

A

yes

85
Q

why do carboxylic acids have a higher b.p than alcohols?

A

can form two hydrogen bonds between two molecules

86
Q

are carboxylic acids a strong or weak acid?

A

weak and only partially ionise with water

87
Q

are amines more or less soluble than alcohols and carboxylic acids?

A

less soluble

88
Q

why is the b.p of an aldehyde and a ketone higher than an alkane?

A

the polarity

89
Q

do aldehydes have a higher or lower b.p than alcohols and carboxylic acids?

A

lower

90
Q

do ketones have a higher or lower b.p than alcohols and carboxylic acids?

A

lower

91
Q

do esters have a higher or lower b.p than carboxylic acids?

A

lower

92
Q

are amines stable or unstable compounds?

A

stable

93
Q

why are amines stable, weak acids?

A

they can accept a proton

94
Q

do amines have a lower or higher b.p than corresponding alcohols?

A

lower

95
Q

what kind of state of matter are the first two amines found in at room temp?

A

gases

96
Q

what state of matter are amines found in from 3 and onwards?

A

liquids

97
Q

why do amides have a higher melting/boiling pt than similar sized organic compounds?

A

due to their capacity to form multiple hydrogen bonds between molecules

98
Q

are larger amides found as liquid or solids?

A

solids

99
Q

are amides more or less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids?

A

less, similar to that of an ester

100
Q

is combustion an endo or exothermic reaction?

A

exothermic

101
Q

what are the inputs of a combustion reaction

A

fuel + oxygen

102
Q

what are the products of complete combustion?

A

carbon dioxide and water

103
Q

what are the products of incomplete combustion?

A

carbon monoxide and water

104
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur?

A

when there is insufficient oxygen supply

105
Q

if there is plentiful oxygen supply what type of combustion occurs?

A

complete combustion

106
Q

what type of elements undergo substitution reactions with alkanes?

A

halogens

107
Q

what atom does the halogen replace in an alkane to form a haloalkane?

A

hydrogen

108
Q

what must be present in order to break the bond in a substitution reaction?

A

uv is the source of energy to break bond

109
Q

what is cracking?

A

a process that uses heat and pressure and sometimes a catalyst to break larger molecules into smaller, more useful ones

110
Q

what reactions can alkanes undergo?

A
  • substitution
  • combustion
  • cracking
111
Q

what reactions can alkenes undergo?

A

addition polymerisation

112
Q

do alkanes or alkenes undergo addition reactions?

A

alkenes

113
Q

what is the process of addition polymerisation?

A

many small molecules (monomers) are joined together to form large molecules (polymers)

114
Q

what occurs in an addition reaction?

A

the c=c double bond is broken into single bonds

115
Q

what type of reaction does an alcohol undergo?

A

oxidation

116
Q

what are the reactants in an oxidation reaction of an alcohol?

A

an alcohol + oxygen

117
Q

what are the products of an oxidation reaction of alcohols?

A

carbon dioxide and water

118
Q

are primary alcohols easily oxidised?

A

yes

119
Q

what type of molecule is a primary alcohol oxidised to?

A

an aldehyde then a carboxylic acid

120
Q

what type of molecule is a secondary alcohol oxidised to?

A

a ketone, doesn’t undergo further oxidation

121
Q

what type of reaction are esters the product of?

A

condensation reactions

122
Q

what are the inputs of a condensation reaction?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid

123
Q

what are the outputs of a condensation reaction?

A

ester + water

124
Q

what is the process of hydrolysis?

A

esters can be converted back into their respective alcohol and carboxylic acid

125
Q

what are the reactants of a hydrolysis reaction?

A

ester + water

126
Q

what are the products of a hydrolysis reaction?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid

127
Q

in hydrolysis what is used to split the ester molecule?

A

water

128
Q

what is a polyester the result of?

A

ester linkages between monomers to form polymers

129
Q

what can synthetic polyesters be the substitute for?

A

cotton and wool

130
Q

what is the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine?

A

carboxylic acid + amine= ammonium salt= amide+ water

131
Q

what must be used in a reaction of carboxylic acids with amines?

A

heat/dehydration

132
Q

why may not all the reactants be converted to desired products?

A
  • may be an equillibrium reaction and not reaching completion
  • losses transferring/heating/filtering
  • unreactive impurities
  • decomposition of products
  • side reactions
133
Q

what is the equation for % yield?

A

mass of products made/theoretical mass x100

134
Q

what is the equation for % atom economy?

A

mass of atoms in desired product/mass of atoms in reactants x100

135
Q

what is the difference between % yield and % atom economy?

A

atom economy measures efficiency and takes into account the amount of waste produced

3/4 Chem (2 decks)

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