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A LEVEL CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the characteristic of the haloalkane molecule that enables it to undergo a nucleophillic substitution reaction: (Eg in bromo-propane) SPECIFIC

A

The Polar C-Br bond.

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2
Q

Give a condition needed to favour an elimination reaction in a halogenoalkane rather than a nucleophillic substitution reaction:

A

-High temperature

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3
Q

Give a use for sulfur dioxide that is formed as a byproduct in a reaction:

A

To make gypsum / plaster

OR to make H2SO4

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4
Q

Identify one feature of the infrared spectrum which supports the fact that this is an
alcohol. You may find it helpful to refer to Table 1 on the Data Sheet.
Explain how infrared spectroscopy can be used to identify this isomeric alcohol. (3 Marks)

A

-Peak at 3230-3550
-Run the infrared spectra (of the alcohols)
-Find the one that matches this spectrum
OR
-Peak at 3230-3550
-Use fingerprint region
-And match with spectra in database

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5
Q

Butan-1-ol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution to produce two organic compounds.
Name the two compounds that form.

A

Butanoic acid CH3CH2CH2COOH

Butanal CH3CH2CH2CHO

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6
Q

Write a equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethanoic acid.

A

CH3COOH + NaOH –> CH3COONa + H2O

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7
Q

Reasoning for choosing a rate determining step

A

-Step which includes the SPECIES in the rate equation

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8
Q

CH3COCH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2COCH2CH3
Two ketone isomers.
Some students were asked to suggest methods to distinguish between isomers Q and R.
One student suggested testing the optical activity of the products formed when Q and
R were reacted separately with HCN.
Explain why this wouldn’t work.

A
  • Product Q is a racemic mixture
  • Racemic mixture is optically inactive
  • Product from R is inactive as no chiral centre
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9
Q

IUPAC name for glycerol

A

propane-1,2,3-triol

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10
Q

Give a use for the mixture of sodium salts that form in a reaction with glycerol

A

Soaps

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11
Q

Give a use for a mixture of methyl esters that form in a reaction with glycerol

A

biodiesel

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12
Q

Name a suitable reagent for the reduction dinitrobenzene, to a phenyldiamine (benzene with two NH2 groups)
write an equation for this reaction using [H] as the reducing agent

A

Sn/HCl

C6H4(NO2)2 + 12[H] –> C6H4(NH2)2 +4H20

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13
Q

Repeating unit of kevlar

A

-(N-H)-benzene-CONH-benzene-(C=O)-

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14
Q

Kevlar used as inner lining of bicycle tires.
Outer tyre made of polymerised alkenes
State the difference in biodegradability of the two.
Use your knowledge of the bonding in these polymer molecules to explain this
difference.

A
  • Kevlar is biodegradable but polyalkenes not
  • Kevlar has polar bonds/has peptide link/ is a poly amide
  • Can be hydrolysed/attacked by nucleophiles/acids/bases/enzymes
  • Polyalkenes not polar/non- polar bonds
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15
Q

Outline a three step synthesis of CH3CH2NH2 starting from methane. Your first step should involve the formation of CH3Cl.
In your answer, identify product of 2nd step and give reagents and conditions for each step
EQUATIONS & MECHANISMS NOT REQUIRED (6 MARKS)

A

Start with CH3CN

Step 1: React with Cl2 under UV light

Step 2: React with aqueous and alcoholic KCN (Allow UV)

Step 3: React with H2/Ni

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16
Q

Role of hydroxide ion in mechanism:

A

NOT ‘Nucleophile’

Role is lone pair donor/base

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17
Q

Fermentation reaction with 2 essential conditions:

A 
C6H12O6-----> C2H5OH + 2CO2
Conditions:
-No oxygen (anaerobic)
-(Enzymes from) yeast
-25-42 degrees
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18
Q

Steps for identifying a molecule NMR large 8 mark question;

A
  • State absorbtion peak (eg O-H 3230-3550)
  • state peak numbers and infer (4 h1 peaks therefore 4 different hydrogen environments)
  • Simplify integration splitting
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19
Q

Give two reasons why Tetramethylsilane is a suitable standard

A
  • Inert

- All protons in same environment

20
Q

Give an example of a solvent which is suitable for use in recording an nmr spectrum, Give a REASON

A
  • CCl4

- “Proton Free” (means no hydrogen atoms)

21
Q

What can the reaction of alcohols (eg butan-2-ol) with concentrated sulfuric acid give you?
and name the role of h2so4 in producing byproduct.

A

Can produce multiple alkenes, and a ketone as a byproduct. (Of the same alkyl eg butan-2-ol would produce multiple different butenes and butanone)
ROLE OF SULFURIC ACID IN KETONE PRODUCTION: OXIDISING AGENT

22
Q

Role of sulfuric acid when it reacts with solid sodium chloride

A

Acid

23
Q

Conditions for catalytic cracking:

A
  • Slight pressure

- High temp

24
Q

Icicle looking transmittance on nmr spectrum over O-H absorbtion area, is it a peak?

A

No, noticable peaks are large and wave looking

25
Q

Is a singlular sharp peak above C=O a peak?

A

Yes. (If that is the only peak most likely an aldehyde)

26
Q

Reaction where C3H6 is produced from CH3CH2CH2Br. Identify reagent and conditions:

A

NaOH and ethanol

27
Q

Reasons for a molecule not showing stereoisomerism

A
  • Not having a chiral centre

- Symmetrical

28
Q

State in general terms what determines the distance travelled by a spot in TLC

A

-Balance between solubility in moving phase and retention by stationary phase

29
Q

An adverse effect of cisplatin is that it also prevents normal healthy cells from
replicating.
Suggest one way in which cisplatin can be administered so that this side effect is
minimised.

A

-Use in very small amounts

30
Q

Primary structure:

A

The sequence of amino acids along a protein chain
Held together by covalent bonding therefore relatively stable
Can be represented by gly-ala-ala-val-leu
Requires boiling with 6moldm-3 HCl to break amino acids apart

31
Q

Secondary Structure:

A
  • A protein may form a helix or a folded sheet
  • Held in place by hydrogen bonding between C=O groups and N-H groups

Hydrogen bonds are MUCH WEAKER than covalent bonds
Can be easily disrupted by gentle heating or pH change

32
Q

Tertiary Structure:

A

Alpha helix or B- pleated sheet can itself be folded into a 3D shape
Held in place by a mixture of hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions and sulfur-sulfur bonds (as well as VDW between all molecules

33
Q

Finding structure of proteins

A

Primary:
-First determine the amount of each amino acid present in the protein
So refluxed by 6moldm-3 HCl (hydrolysis, breaks all amide bonds between amino acids and results in a mixture containing all initial amino acids
)

34
Q

Primary alcohols

A

Primary alcohols can be oxidised to aldehydes which can

be further oxidised to carboxylic acids.

35
Q

Secondary Alchohols

A

Secondary alcohols can be oxidised to ketones

36
Q

Tertiary alcohol

A

Tertiary alcohols are not easily oxidised

37
Q

What are aldehydes readily oxidised to

A

Aldehydes are readily oxidised to carboxylic acids.

38
Q

Carboxylic acid reactions

A

Carboxylic acids and alcohols react, in the presence of an

acid catalyst, to give esters

39
Q

Explain why the reaction produces a racemic mixture:

A
  • Planar
  • Attack from either side
  • With equal probability
40
Q

Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) undergoes a dimerisation reaction as shown:
rate = k [C6H5CHO] [CN–]
Suggest the role of the cyanide ion in the reaction.

A
  • Catalyst

- CN– appears in the rate equation but is not in the reaction equation

41
Q

Zero order

A

Horizontal line

42
Q

First order

A

Straight line going through origin

43
Q

If you plot a graph against [A]^2 and it ends up with a straight line, what is the order?

A

Two

44
Q

Chloroethane reacts with potassium hydroxide in the presence of propan-1-ol
to form ethene.
State the role of potassium hydroxide and the role of propan-1-ol in the reaction.

A

Potassium hydroxide- Base

Propan-1-ol - Solvent

45
Q

The structure of polymer A is shown.

Draw the structure of the monomer used to form polymer A.

A

MUST HAVE A DOUBLE BOND IN

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY PAPER 1 (5 decks)

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