Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry 2017 > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the simplest hydrocarbon

A

Benzene , C6H6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Family of cyclic hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What functional group do alcohols contain

A

Hydroxyl group (OH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes a primary alcohol

A

When the hydroxyl group is on the end, hence the carbon the OH is attached to is only attached to one other carbon for example 1-propanol CH3-CH2-CH2-OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do organic compounds with a hydroxyl functional group end in

A

-ol eg Pentanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What constitutes a secondary alcohol

A

When the C the OH is bonded to is bonded to 2 other carbons,
Eg 2-Propanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What constitutes a tertiary alcohol

A

When the C the OH is bonded to is attached to 3 other carbons
Eg, methyl 2-propanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the condensed formula of aldehydes, plus two examples

A

R-CHO, methanal or ethanal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the condensed formula of ketones and what are two examples

A

R-CO-R’

Propanone and 2-pentanone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the condensed formula of carboxylic acids and what are two examples

A

-COOH OR - CO2H

Ethanoic acid and butanoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the condensed formula of carboxylate ions and what is one example

A 
R-COO(-)
Sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the condensed formula of esters and what is one example

A

R-COO-R’

Methyl Ethanoate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the condensed formula of primary amines and what are two examples

A

R-NH2
1-butanamine
Methlyamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

For compounds with identical functional groups the boiling point ‘…’ As the length of the chain increases

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do boiling points increase As the length of carbon chains increase

A

As the strength of dispersion forces increase with molar mass, the longer the hydrocarbon chain the stronger the dispersion forces between molecules and higher the boiling point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the boiling point of alcohols in comparison to ketones and aldehydes

A

Alcohols have higher boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is the boiling point of alcohols higher than that of ketones and aldehydes

A

As alcohol can form strong hydrogen bonds with each other due to the polar hydroxyl groups while aldehydes and ketones can only form weaker dipole dipole interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a carboxylic acid that has the same molecular formula as a group of esters called

A

Isomeric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is the boiling point of esters of isometric acids lower

A

Esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the boiling point of esters much lower than their isometric acid

A

In the carboxyl groups in carboxylic acids hydrogen bonding can take place as they have C=O and O-H groups while only dipole dipole interactions can occur in esters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why can’t hydrocarbons soluble in water

A

They are non polar and like dissolves in like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is required of polar functional groups form them to form hydrogen bonds with water

A

The carbon chain they are attached to must be less than 6 carbons long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the solubility of molecules if there is more than one polar functional group is present

A

It increases its solubility such as in the case of diols and diamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why are some molecules with polar functional groups classified as non Polar

A

As they have a long carbon chain of 6 carbon atoms or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Are potassium and sodium carboxylates soluble in water? Why?

A

Yes, strong ion-dipole bonds form between the negatively charged carboxylate ions and polar water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What’s the general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cx(H2O)y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the simplest carbohydrates and what are two examples

A

Monosaccharides,

Glucose & Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharides link together through the loss of a water and what is two examples

A

Disaccharides sucrose, maltose and lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s formed when many monosaccharides join together and what’s two examples

A

Polysaccharides Starch & Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reaction for the hydrolysis of polysaccharides to monosaccharides

A

Starch (C6H10O5)n -H2O & enzyme-> nC6H12O6 Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Reaction for the hydrolysis of disaccharides to monosaccharides

A

C12H22O11 -H2O & enzyme-> 2C6H12O6

32
Q

Reaction for the fermentation of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide

A

C6H12O6 -> 2CH2CH2OH + 2CO2

33
Q

What is the optimum temperature for fermentation and what happens if this the temperature is outside this range

A

20 & 30 degrees, enzymes will denature if it becomes too hot

34
Q

What happens if oxygen enters the fermentation vessel

A

As fermentation is anaerobic process and if oxygen does enter it can bring about the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid

35
Q

In fermentation should the solution be acidic or alkaline

A

Acidic

36
Q

What’s a primary alcohol

A

An alcohol where the carbon atom the hydroxyl group is bonded to is directly bonded to only one other carbon atoms
Example: Methanol CH3-OH

37
Q

What’s a secondary alcohol

A

An alcohol where the carbon atom the hydroxyl group is bonded to is directly bonded to two other carbon atom
Eg: 2-Pentanol

38
Q

What’s a tertiary alcohols

A

An alcohol where the carbon atom the hydroxyl group is bonded to is directly bonded to three other carbon atom
Example: 2-methyl-2-butanol

39
Q

Where do the differences arise in the three classes of alcohols

A

When they react with oxidising agents

40
Q

What happens to primary alcohols when they’re oxidised

A

They form the corresponding aldehyde, if there is continued contact with the oxidising agent the aldehyde is further oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid

41
Q

What happens to secondary alcohols are oxidised

A

They form the corresponding ketones, does not undergo further oxidation

42
Q

What happens when tertiary alcohols are oxidised

A

They are not readily oxidised! Do no react with an acidified dichromate solution

43
Q

What colour change occurs when primary and secondary alcohols react with potassium dichromate

A

Orange -> Green however heating is required to observe the colour change at a reasonable time

44
Q

What’s the difference between aldehydes and ketones

A

Aldehydes the carboxyl group is in a terminal position

Ketones the carboxyl group is in a non-terminal position

45
Q

How are aldehydes prepared

A

The controlled oxidation of primary alcohols

46
Q

How are ketones prepared

A

By the oxidation of secondary alcohols, do not undergo further oxidation so the ketone does not need to be distilled off

47
Q

Equation for the preparation of aldehydes

A

R-CH-OH –Cr2O7^2-/H+ & Heat–> R-CHO

48
Q

What happens when aldehydes are heated with an acidified solution of dichromate ions and the relevant half equation

A

They undergo oxidation to carboxylic acids

RCHO->RCOOH

49
Q

What is tollens test

A

Heating aldehydes with ammoniacal silver nitrate solution where they undergo oxidation, under certain conditions can form a silver mirror on the reaction vessel

50
Q

How can carboxylic acid be prepared

A

By heating primary alcohols or aldehydes with excess acidified dichromate solution

51
Q

What do carboxyl acid molecules contain

A

Carboxyl group -COOH

A carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group attached to the same atom

52
Q

Ionisation of carboxylic acids in water equation

A

RCOOH + H2O ->

53
Q

Neutralisation of carboxylic acid by hydroxide ions

A

RCOOH + OH^- -> RCOO^- + H2O

54
Q

Neutralisation of carboxylic acids by carbonate ions

A

2RCOOH + CO3^2^- -> 2RCOO^- + H2O + CO2

55
Q

Neutralisation of carboxylic acid by hydrocarbonate ions

A

RCOOH + HCO3^- -> RCOO^- + H2O + CO2

56
Q

Are carboxylate salts soluble in water? Why/ why not?

A

They are soluble in water due to the strong ion-dipole bonds that forms between the negatively charged carboxylate ions and polar water molecules

57
Q

Why are the structures of aspirin and ibuprofen insoluble, how is this overcome

A

They have a large non polar component, they are usually mixed with sodium hydrogencarbonate, when mixed with water the the carboxylic group react to form water soluble carboxylate ions

58
Q

Why are drugs mixed with sodium hydrogencarbonate

A

The drug becomes easier to administer and faster acting

59
Q

What’s the difference in structure of esters and carboxylic acids k

A

The hydrogen atom of the carboxylic acid has been replaced by an alkyl group in the ester

60
Q

How are esters prepared and what is this known as

A

Reacting, under reflux, an alcohol with a carboxylic acid in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst
Esterification

61
Q

What is reflux and what does this allow

A

Process by which a mixture of the reactants and products is boiled for a prescribed period of time, allows extended heating of the reaction mixture without loss of reactant and products by evaporation

62
Q

Two ways to increase the yield of an ester

A

Use excess alcohol or excess carboxylic acid

Remove water as its formed

63
Q

What is the hydrolysis of esters

A

Reverse of esterification where water is consumed as a reactant

64
Q

Products of hydrolysis of esters in acidic conditions

A

Carboxylic acid and an alcohol, reaction is catalysed by the acid

65
Q

Products of hydrolysis of esters in alkaline conditions

A

Carboxylate ions and an alcohol

As there are ions reaction is irreversible

66
Q

How are amines classified

A

Into derivatives of ammonia depending on how many carbons the N is attached to i.e if 1 then is primary

67
Q

What happens when amine molecules accept a proton

A

Form a positively charged ammonium ion known as the protonated form of the amine

68
Q

Are protonated amines soluble in water why/ why not?

A

Yes, they form strong ion-dipole bonds between positively charged protonated amine ions and polar water molecules

69
Q

How are drugs with tertiary amine groups usually administered

A

Water-soluble chloride salts

70
Q

What’s an amide

A

A molecule that has an amino group attached to a carboxyl group eg propenamide

71
Q

Theoretically How could an amide be prepared

A

A condensation reaction between ammonia or amine with a carboxylic acid

72
Q

What do Amino acids consist of

A

At least one amine functional group and one carboxyl functional group with a central carbon Atom,

73
Q

What is a zwitterion

A

The result of amino acids undergoing self ionisation where a proton a transferred from the carboxyl group to the amine group in the same molecule

74
Q

What is formed in nature when a carboxyl group from one amino acid undergoes a condensation reaction with an amine group from another amino acid

A

A dipeptide joined by a peptide link - forms water too

75
Q

Result of the continuation of condensation process between two amino acids

A

Formation of a polypeptide (proteins)

Chemistry 2017 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions