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Chemistry A2 OCR > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two groups do all amino acids contain?

A

Amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH)

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2
Q

What is a zwitterion?

A

A dipolar ion with a positive charge on one end of the molecule and a negative charge on the other. They exist at an amino acid’s isoelectric point.

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3
Q

What reaction joins amino acids together?

A

Condensation reactions, forming peptide bonds.

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4
Q

What reaction breaks up proteins?

A

Hydrolysis

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5
Q

General formula of an alpha amino acid

A

RCH(NH2)COOH

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6
Q

What is an alpha amino acid?

A

Amino acids with both groups (NH2 and COOH) attached to the same carbon

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7
Q

Why are amino acids amphoteric?

A

They have basic properties due to NH2 and acidic properties due to COOH

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8
Q

How are ketones made?

A

Refluxing a secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate ions

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9
Q

How can an alcohol be produced from a carbonyl compound?

A

Reduce the carbonyl using NaBH4 (sodium tetraborohydride)

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10
Q

What is the product when aldehydes are reduced?

A

Primary alcohols

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11
Q

What is the product when ketones are reduced?

A

Secondary alcohols

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12
Q

What type of addition reaction is reduction of aldehydes/ketones?

A

Nucleophilic addition. H- is the nucleophile

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13
Q

What chemical test can be used to identify a carbonyl?

A

Brady’s reagent: 2,4-DNP dissolved in methanol and concentrated sulphuric acid.

An orange precipitate will form if a carbonyl is present, the melting point of which is unique for each carbonyl compound.

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14
Q

Explain the delocalised model of Benzene

A

p-orbitals of all six carbon atoms overlap to form pi bonds
This creates 2 ring shaped clouds of electrons, one above and below the plane
All the bond lengths are the same
The electrons are delocalised, making it a very stable molecule

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15
Q

Why does benzene undergo electrophilic substitution?

A

The delocalised ring of electrons makes it stable and spreads out the negative charge

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16
Q

What is an electrophilic

A

A positively charged ion or polar molecule that is attracted to an area of negative charge, ie a high electron density

17
Q

How does benzene react with halogens?

A

Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution with halogens in the presence of a halogen carrier, so the electrophilic is substituted in place of a H atom.

18
Q

How do halogen carriers work?

A

Halogen carriers accept a lone pair of electrons from the electrophile, making it more positive and therefore strong enough to attack the stable benzene ring.

19
Q

How is nitrobenzene formed?

A

Warm benzene with concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid (sulphuric acid is a catalyst and generates NO2+ electrophile). Keep below 55 degrees Celsius for mononitration.

20
Q

Phenol + NaOH = ?

A

Sodium phenoxide and water

21
Q

2Phenol + 2Na = ?

A

Sodium phenoxide and hydrogen gas

22
Q

Does phenol react with bromine water?

A

Yes. Bromine water will be decolourised, as the p-orbital on the oxygen overlaps with the delocalised ring and increases electron density.

23
Q

How are aldehydes formed?

A

Heat and distill a primary alcohol with acidified dichromate ions (this is oxidation!)

24
Q

What test can be used to identify an aldehyde?

A

Heat with Tollens reagent (silver nitrate dissolved in ammonia). Aldehyde is oxidised, silver is reduced and a SILVER MIRROR forms.

25
Q

How are carboxylic acids made?

A

Reflux primary alcohol with acidified dichromate ions

26
Q

How are esters made?

A

Heating carboxylic acids with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst
or
Heat an acid anhydride and an alcohol

27
Q

What two products form when an acid anhydride reacts with an alcohol?

A

An ester and a carboxylic acid, which can be separated by fractional distillation.

28
Q

How are aliphatic amines formed?

A

React a haloalkane with ammonia

29
Q

How are aromatic amines formed?

A

Heat nitrobenzene with tin and HCl under reflux to reduce it, then add NaOH

30
Q

What is the functional group of an azo dye?

A

-N=N-

Chemistry A2 OCR (1 decks)

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