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Chemistry 1 st year > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

מהן התרכובות האנאורגניות?

A 
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO3 2- carbonate
CaC2 calcium carbide
HCN hydrogen cyanide
CN - cyanide
CaCO3 calcium carbonate
HCO3 - hydrogen carbonate

וכל מולקולה שלא מכילה C וH

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2
Q

למה פחמן מיוחד?

A
  1. יוצר קשר בודד או כפול או משולש
  2. אלקטרושליליות 2.5 - מגיב אבל גם לא מגיב
  3. מסוגל ליצור ארבעה קשרים
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3
Q

איזה קשר חזק יותרת פאי או סיגמה?למה?

A

סיגמה בגלל שבפאי יש נוד למרות שיש אוברלאפ בשתי נקודות

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4
Q

כמה מעלות יש בין 2 קשרי פאי?

A

90

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5
Q

Aromatic definition

A

Fully conjugated and cyclic, floows Huckle’s rule

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6
Q

What is Huckle’s rule

A

nr of pie electrons= 4n+2 (n-nr. of rings)

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7
Q

What are the three sucategories of aromatic compounds?

A

homo (benzene), hetero (pyridine), fused (naphthalene)

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8
Q

What are the three sucategories of aliphatic compounds?

A

saturated (alkanes), unsatureated (alkenes, alkynes)

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9
Q

What atoms can participate in the chemical reaction of benzene? What type of chemical reaction is it?

A

SE- SON

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10
Q

Increasing bond strength of alkene benzene alkyne alkane

A

alkane

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11
Q

Where do carbons always have the same hybridization? which?

A

Alkane (SP3), benzene (SP2)

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12
Q

Where do carbons have different hybridizations? which?

A

Alkenes (SP2) except: 1. Only SP2 H2C=CH2 - ethylene
2. Only SP2 (when fully conjugated) H2c=CH-CH=CH2 - like 1,3 butadiene

Alkynes (SP) except: Only SP HC=CH -acetylene

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13
Q

Degree of carbon

A

primary- attached to only one carbon
secondary- “ “ two carbons
tertiary- “ “ three “
quaternary- “ “ four “

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14
Q

Priorities of naming- alkanes

A
  1. longest carbon chane
  2. end closer to abranch gets lowest nr.
  3. alphabetically
  4. terminal with more branches
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15
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

same molecular formula, differenet connectivity

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16
Q

IUPAC

A

international union of pure and applied chemistry

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17
Q

Isomers of alkanes

A

4 carbons- (Two) IUPAC- butane, 2-methyl propane
Common- n butane, isobutane

5 carbons- (Three) IUPAC- pentane, 2-methyl butane, 2-di methyl propane
Common- n pentane, iso pentane, neo pentane

6 carbons- (Five) IUPAC- hexane, 2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane, 2 3-di mythyl butane, 2 2-di methyl butane
Common- n hexane, iso hexane, X, X, neohexane

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18
Q

Isomers of alkyls

A 
3 carbons (Two)- n propyl, iso propyl
4 carbons (Four)- n butyl, sec butyl, tert butyl, iso butyl
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19
Q

What does the BP depend on?

A

nr. of branches (less is better)
nr. of carbons (more is better)
surface area (bigger is better)
OH groups (more is better)

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20
Q

What are the three chemical reactions?

A

Addition (combination)
Substitution (exchange)
Elimination (decomposition)

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21
Q

What are the two mechanisms of reactions? what are thier products?

A

homolysis- radicals

heterolysis- ions (cations or “ium” ending- lewis acid, anions or “ide” ending- lewis base).

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22
Q

Alkane reaction example

A

SR halogenation (chlorination)
CH4+nCl2= CH3Cl+1HCL –>chloro methane / methyl chloride
CH2CL2+2HCL –>di-chloro methane
CHCl3+3HCl –>tri-chloro methane / chloroform
CCl4+4HCl –>tetra-chloro methane / carbon tetra chloride *excess\enough/4 moles

(=organic+inorganic)
uses light to occur

This happens in two steps!
1. light activates halogen
2.activated halogen activates alkane
3. alkyl can be radical
לשרטט
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23
Q

combustion

A

full oxidation organic–>inorganic

CxHy + (X+Y/4)O2 = (Y:2)H2O + (X)CO2

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24
Q

What are the two components of gasoline?

A

8C good- octane\ 2 2 4-tri methyl pentane

7C bad- heptane unbranched

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25
Q

What kind of isomers are alkenes and cycloalkanes?

A

structural isomers

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26
Q

In which type of hydrocarbon is the ideal angle equal to 109.5 and how is it called?
What other angles are there?
What is the difference between them called and how does it effect the stability of the molecule?

A

cycloalkanes
normal angle
abnormal angles- 60, 90, 108, 120
angle strain –> when it increses the molecule will be less stable.

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27
Q

What affects the stability of cycloalkanes?

A
  1. angle strain.

2. “intramolecular stains” \ “non-bonded interactions” (repulsion between hydrogen atoms).

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28
Q

What two conformations are there in alkanes? How can a molecule change between the two?

A

staggered (stable) –> eclipsed (less stable)
by activation energy
the other way by rotation

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29
Q

What are the special conformations in cycloalkane structures?

A

cyclo pentane: envelope(more stable), half chair(less stable).
cyclo hexane: chair(more stable), chair(less stable).
*only chair has equatorial hydrogens.

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30
Q

Which position of hydrogen is most stable?

A

equatorial rather than axial

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31
Q

What is more stable cis or trans, equatorial or axial?

A

trans, then equatorial

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32
Q

ylene

A

ending of common name of alkenes

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33
Q

allene/diene

A

allene cummulated dienes

diene- conjugated or isolated dienes

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34
Q

what is another name for benzene?

A

1 3 5-cyclo hexa triene

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35
Q

vinyl

A

the only alkene branch! CH2=CH-

equals ethene minus 1H

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36
Q

CH2=CH-

A

vinyl, the only alkene branch

equals ethene minus 1H

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37
Q

How many isomers does C4H8 have?

A

6 overall

cycloalkanes: cyclo butane, methyl cyclo propane
alkenes: 1-butene, iso-butene, cis 2-butene, trans 2-butene

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38
Q

How many isomers does C5H10 have?

A

10 overall
cycloalkanes: cyclopentane, methyl cyclo butane, 1 2-di methyl cyclopropane, 1 1-di methyl cyclopropane, ethyl cyclo propane.

alkenes: 1-pentene, 3-methyl 1-butene, iso- pentene, cis 2-pentene, trans 2-pentene.

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39
Q

What effects the stability of alkenes?

A
  1. double bond in the middle is more stable than on the side

2. trans more stable than cis

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40
Q

Name the types of AE reactions, in which type of molecule do they occur?

A

alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes,aldehydes, ketones.

  1. halogination X2 (draw bromination of 1-butene)
  2. hydro halogenation HX (adding HI to propene)
  3. hydration H2O (hydration of 2-chloro 2-butene)
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41
Q

Name the types of AR reactions, in which type of molecule do they occur?

A

alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes.

  1. hydrogenation H2 (hydrogenation of ethene)
  2. polimerazation (of chloro ethene / vinyl chloride *creates poly vinyl chloride- PVC- plastic)
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42
Q

Markovnikov’s rule

A

In AE reactions, hydrogens will tend to attach to the atom with most hydrogens.

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43
Q

What is natural rubber made of?

A

A polimer of isoperene, created in the process of AR of an alkene.

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44
Q

What is plastic made of?

A

A polimer of vinyl chloride, created in the process of AR of an alkene.

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45
Q

What is polyisopene?

A

natural rubber

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46
Q

What is poly vinyl chloride?

A

plastic

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47
Q

4 important unsaturated polimers

A
  1. polyisopene- rubber (isolated).
  2. b carotene- in carrots (conjugated) 18C.
  3. retinal- also called rhod, prostetic in rhodopsin which is a protein in the eyes -aldehyde (conjugated). (b one ion ring + fully conjugated 9 carbon chane with two methyl groups + an aldehyde group) **created from oxidation of precursor.
  4. retinol- vitamin A1 -alcohol (conjugated). (b one ion ring + fully conjugated 9 carbon chane with two methyl groups + an alcohol group). **created from reduction of retinal.
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48
Q

What is a protein made of?

A

Holoprotein:

  1. prosthetic group- non protein
  2. apoprotein- only protein
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49
Q

hemoglobin protein

A

prosthetic- heme
apoprotein- globin (2 alpha, 2 beta)
conected by a binding site

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50
Q

rhodopsin protein

A

prosthetic- rhod \ retinal (b one ion ring + fully conjugated 9 carbon chane with two methyl groups + an aldehyde group)
apoprotein- opsin (ring, lys-basic charged NH3+
connected to the oxygen of an aldehyde in the prosthetic group by schiff base linkage C=N (dehydration)

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51
Q

Vitamins- fat soluble and water soluble

A

fat soluble: DEAK
D3- bones E-antioxidant A1-vision K1-blood clotting
water soluble: CB
C- “askorbic acid” immune
B- “niacin” / “nicotin acid” B1-thiamine B2-riboflavin B6-pyridoxal B7-biotin B9-pholic acid B12-coblamin

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52
Q

acetylene, way of prodduction, uses

A

common name of alkyne H-C—C-H

CaO (lime) + 3C (coke/coal) –> CaC2 (inorganic) + CO(inorganic
CaC2 + H2O –> C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
OR
by partial oxidation of CH4

used for lightning, welding

**combustion of acetylene is very exothermic

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53
Q

H-C—C-H

A

acetylene

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54
Q

Which molecules have equal BP if they have similar masses?

A

alkynes and alkanes

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55
Q

Are alkanes or alkynes more acidic? why?

A

alkyne (SP) rather than alkane (SP3) becuse alkynes have more S characteristics, and therefore it will be easier to extract hydrogens.

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56
Q

sextet nr.

A

nr of pie electrons in Huckle’s rule

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57
Q

hoe many lone pairs of electron do the following atoms have? SON

A

S, O- 2

N- 1

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58
Q

What are the three famous non aromatic cyclic molecules?

A

piperidine, indene, pyrolidine

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59
Q

What is the name of benzene as a branch?

A

phenyl

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60
Q

How many isomers are there for a benzene with two branches?

A

Three (o,p,m)

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61
Q

How many isomers are there for a benzene with three branches?

A

Three (123, 124, 135)

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62
Q

How many isomers are there for a benzene with four branches?

A

Three (234 ,235, 246)

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63
Q

List the ortho-para directors. How is the precentage divided between them?

A

The seven ortho-para directors:
R-N-R, H-N-R, X(halogen), OH, R(alkyl), R-O(alkoxy), NH2(amino).
*All activating except from X

ortho-63%
para-34%

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64
Q

List the meta directors.In which reactions do they exist? How much is the precentage?

A

The five meta directors in reactions of benzene:
COOH(carboxylic acid),CHO(aldehyde), CN-(cyanide), NO2(nitrogen dioxide), SO3H(sulfonic acid).
*All activating

93%

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65
Q

Increasing speed of types of directors

A

meta deactivating

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66
Q

What are the five benzene reactions? What are their mechanisms?

A

Always SE

  1. Halogenation
  2. Alkylation
  3. Acylation
  4. Nitration
  5. Sulfonation
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67
Q

IUPAC and common naming of halogen containing compounds

A

IUPAC halo+alkane

common alkyl+halide

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68
Q

What are the three types of halogen containing compounds?

A
  1. alkyl halide (attached to a SP3 hyberdized carbon)
  2. vinyl halide (attached to a SP2 hyberdized carbon)
  3. aryl halide (attached to a SP2 hyberdized carbon in an aromatic ring)
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69
Q

Degree of halogen containing compounds, their stability

A

Is determined by the number of carbons that the carbon which is attached to a halogen is attached to.

1 degrees is the least stable while 3degrees is the most stable.

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70
Q

How are the following compounds called:

  1. Halogen attached to a SP3 hyberdized carbon
  2. Halogen attached to a SP2 hyberdized carbon
  3. Halogen attached to a SP2 hyberdized carbon in an aromatic ring
A
  1. alkyl halide
  2. vinyl halide
  3. aryl halide
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71
Q

What are the reactions and their mechanisms in halogen containing compounds?

A

nucleuphilic substitotion:
SN1- 1 reactant, 2 steps (slow)-more stable
SN2- 2 reactants, 1 step (fast)-less stable

72
Q

Which has a higher BP- alkyl halide or alkane?why?

A

Alkyl halide because its polar (dipole-dipole), alkane has only london forces.

73
Q

What is ethyl chloride used for?

A

local anesthetic

74
Q

What is used as a local anesthetic?

A

ethyl chloride

75
Q

list and draw the three inhalation anesthetics

A
  1. chloroform CHCl3
  2. halothane 3HC-O-CH3
  3. enflurane C2H5-O-CH3
76
Q

what is chloroform used for?

A

inhalation anesthetic CHCl3

77
Q

what is halothane used for?

A

inhalation anesthetic 3HC-O-CH3

78
Q

what is enflurane used for?

A

inhalation anesthetic C2H5OCH3

79
Q

What is carbon tetrachloride used as?What does it damage? What does it cause?

A

CCl4

  1. refrigirant
  2. fire extinguisher
  3. dry cleaning solvent

Damages liver, kidneys and nervous system.
Coma, death.

80
Q

What is DDT used for? How is it called?Draw it.

A

Insecticide “Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro ethane”

81
Q

What is used as an insecticide?

A

DDT “Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro ethane”.

82
Q

What are cfc’s? How are they called?What are the used for?

A 
Choloro-Fluoro carbons "Freons"
used as:
1. refrigarent
2. air conditioning
3. airosols
83
Q

hat are the 8 famous halogen containing compounds?

A
  1. ethyl chloride (local anesthetic)
  2. inhalation anesthetics: chloroform, halothane and enflurane
  3. carbon tetrachloride
  4. natural hormones: T3 T4
  5. Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro ethane (insecticide)
  6. Freons/cfc’s “Choloro-Fluoro carbons”
  7. teflone
  8. PVC
84
Q

What are T3and T4?What are they called?

A

thyroid gland produced hormones “thyroxine” and “tri iodothyroxine”

85
Q

IUPAC and common naming for alochols

A

IUPAC- #C + di\tri…ol

common- alkyl + alcohol

86
Q

Wood alcohol

A

methanol
toxic!
15ml–> blindness
30ml–>death

87
Q

common alcohol

A

ethanol

600ml–>death

88
Q

rubbing alcohol

A

propanol

89
Q

Preparation of alcohol

A
  1. fermentation
  2. hydration of alkene–>alcohol
  3. hydrolysis of alkyl halide–>alcohol+strong acid
  4. reduction of an aldehyde or carboxylic acid or ketone–>a primary alcohol!
90
Q

Reactions of alcohols

A
  1. dehydration
    * of 1 alcohol–>alkene
    * of 2 akcohols–>ether
  2. esterification
    * alcohol+organic acid–>ester+water
    * alcohol+inorganic acid–>alkyl halide+water

3.oxidation
primary alcohol: goes through mild oxidation and becomes aldehyde.
aldehyde goes through oxidation and becomes carboxylic acid
secondary alcohol:goes through oxidation and becomes a ketone
tertiary alcohol: no reaction!

91
Q

increasing BP: Alcohols water alkane ether

A

alkane, ether, alcohol, water (london, dipole , 3H, 4H)

92
Q

Solubility of organic compounds

A

Are soluble in organic solvent, and also in water if they are able to make H bonding (but depends on the carbon chain).

93
Q

What does the solubility depend on? + statement

A

nr. of carbons (less is better)
nr. of OH groups (more is better) same with BP
nr. of branches (more is better)

All first six orgnic compounds are souluble in water (first three to infinity, then it decreases), from there on they are not soluble because the carbon chane is too long and hydrophobic.

94
Q

Are alcohol and water acids or bases?

A

weak acids, alcohol is slightly less acidic becuse it has a larger PKa value of 15.5

95
Q

alkoxy

A

ethers
alkyl + oxygen (negatively charged)
created fhrough hydrolysis of alcohol alongside with H3O+

96
Q

Phenols

A

Ar-OH NOT alcohols!

*most are solid at RT

97
Q

Increasing BP and solubility in water: cyclohexanol, phenol, hexanol
Explain.

A

hexanol

98
Q

phenoxy

A

phenyl + oxygen (negatively charged)

created fhrough hydrolysis of phenol alongside with H3O+ - was once used to brush teeth

99
Q

Which is more acidic- alcohol or phenol?

A

phenol because it has a lower PKa value of 10

100
Q

Oxidation of phenols creates…. which are…..

A

quinones,not aromatic

101
Q

Which is more stable: phenoxy ion or cyclohexoxy ion? Why?

A

phenoxy ion because of delocalized electrons (like moving target).

102
Q

Types of ethers

A
  1. ether (aliphatic)
  2. cyclic ether (O in a ring / connecting a ring and something else / connecting two rings)
  3. epoxide (3 member ring)
103
Q

Naming ethers

A

IUPAC- alkoxy + alkane

common- alkyl + alkyl + ether

104
Q

What will be able to replace a halogen in a halogen containing compound?

A

A less electronegative halogen

105
Q

what is the product of beta elimination of a haloalkane?

A

alkene

106
Q

enol

A

OH from branch connected to any end of the double bond in the main chain

107
Q

which is more stable: primary or tertiary alcohol?

A

tertiary alcohol

108
Q

What can chlorofluoro carbns cfc’s cause

A

ozone layer deplition (turns into oxygen).

2O3 + Cl –> 3O2 + Cl

109
Q

What can increase the acidity of a phenols?

A

a negative inducting ion: COOH, CHO, C=O, NO2, OH, X (high EN)

110
Q

What can increase the bacisity of a phenols?

A

a positive inducting ion: H or alkyl group (low EN)

111
Q

What do positive and negative inducting ions do?

A

change the PH by effecting the OH group in a phenol

112
Q

How are epoxides produced?

A

by adding O2 to alkenes or benzenes

113
Q

preparation of ether

A
  1. dehydration of two alcohols

2. adding alkyl halide to alcohol

114
Q

uses of ether

A
  1. as anesthetic (diethyl ether- a volitile liquid)

2. as organic solvent

115
Q

increasing solubility: ether, alcohol

A

ether (2H)

116
Q

is ether an acid or a base?

A

it is a weak base

117
Q

reactions of ethers

A
  1. ether + strong acid –> dialkoxonium chloride
  2. opening apoxide ring with water–> ethylene glycol
  3. ether + O2 + light –> peroxides (toxic) *That is why we must keep diethyl ether in dark bottles and exclude oxygen.
118
Q

biological significance of epoxides

A
  1. amino acid synthesis (thyrosin)
  2. natural hormone synthesis (T3 T4)
  3. antibiotic ionophores (monancin, nonactin, crown ether, cryptands)
  4. long chain of epoxides is toxic (okadiac acid)
  5. can activate carcinogenic substances (causes cancer)
119
Q

into what groups can we divide sulfor containing compounds?

A

Inorganic:
H2S hydrogen sulfide

H2SO3 sulforous acid

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

organic:
R-S-H thiol “mercaptan”
R-S-R’ thio ether “sulfide”

R-SOOH sulfinic acid
R-OSR sulfoxide
R-O-SOOR sulfite ester

R-SOO-OH sulfonic acid
S-SOO-O-R sulfone
R-O-SOO-O-R sulfateester

120
Q

reactions of halo alkanes

A
  1. hydrolysis (+H2O–>alcohol + strong acid)
  2. basic hydrolysis (+ NaOH–> alcohol + strong base)
    • ammonia NH3–> primary amine + strong acid)
  4. +alcohol–> ether + strong acid)
  5. +hydrogen sulfide SH2–> thiol + strong acid)
  6. +thiol–> thio ether + strong acid)
  7. +halogen–> haloalkane + strong acid)
121
Q

Beta elimination of halo-alkane turns it into?

A

An alkene

122
Q

IUPAC and common naming of thiols

A

IUPAC: alkane + thiol
Common: mercapto + alkane OR alkyl + mercaptan

123
Q

Reactions of thiols

A

Mild oxydaion –> disulfide + H2O

With alkyl halide –> Sulfide + strong acid

124
Q

How many H bonds does thiol make in water?

A

None

125
Q

Increasing acidity of thiol alcohol and phenol

A

Thiol (pKa=8.5) > phenol (pKa=10) > alcohol pKa=15.5)

126
Q

Naming sulfides

A

alkyl + alkyl + sulfide

127
Q

This O= is called…and it is the functional group of

A

Keto group.

ketone, aldehyde, quinone.

128
Q

Aldehyde naming

A

IUPAC: #C + al (enal..)
Common: form\acet\propion… + aldehyde (only in alkanes!)

129
Q

What is the last carbon in the chain called?

A

Omega carbon

130
Q

Ketone naming

A

IUPAC: #C + nr. + one/dione
common: alkyl + alkyl + ketone

131
Q

How many H bonds does aldehyde make in water?

A

Two.

132
Q

Is aldehyde an acid or a base?

A

A weak base

133
Q

Who is more basic aldehyde or ether?

A

aldehyde

134
Q

To what group does the ugly older daughter and younger pretty doughter refer to? explain.

A

Aldehyde’s reactivity. It prefers to react in basic solutions so that addition will be first made between the positively charged carbon (ugly sister) and a nucleophile. Only then will an electrophile react with the negatively charged oxygen. This way the yield is greater.

135
Q

Reactions of aldehydes and ketones

A

hydration –> unstable diol (chloral is an exception because it produces hydrated chloral which is stable).
sodium cyanide NaCN –> cyanohydrin
alcohol –> hemiacetal (when reacted with aldehyde)
–> hemiketal (when reacted with ketone)
primary amine –> schiff base
condensation?

136
Q

Use of hydrated chloral

A

sleeping inducer

137
Q

stability of ketone enol and cyclic-enol

A

enol

138
Q

Preparation of primary amine

A

alkyl halide + amonia

139
Q

Preparation of secondary amine

A

alkyl halide + primary amine

140
Q

Preparation of tertiary amine

A

alkyl halide + secondary amine

141
Q

Preparation of quatentary amine

A

alkyl halide + tertiary amine

142
Q

How many H bonds is each amine capable of doing?

A

primary 3
secondary 2
tertiary 0
quatentary 0

143
Q

Increasing BP of amines

A

3

144
Q

Increasing solubility of amines

A

3

145
Q

Increasing basicity of amines

A

quatentary is not included because it is a weak acid
2 > 1 > 3 > ammonia
*aliphatic is more basic than aromatic

146
Q

Increasing stability of amines

A

2 > 1 > 3 > ammonia

147
Q

reactions of amines

A

1/2/3 amine + HX –> 4 a
primary amine + HNO2 (nitrous acid) –>alcohol + water + N2
secondary amine + HNO2 (nitrous acid) –>nitroso amine + water
tertiary amine –> no reaction!
aromatic amine + HNO2 (nitrous acid) + HCl –> diazonium chloride + water

148
Q

Tyrosine is a key structure in..

A

Dopa, dopamine, norepinnephrin, epinephrin –> all are neurotransmitters.

149
Q

Tryptophan is a key structure in..

A

serotonin (happyness) and melatonin (day/night cycle) –> both are neurotransmitters.

150
Q

Histadine is a key structure in..

A

Histamine (alergy)

151
Q

O
||
R-C-

A

acyl group

152
Q

What is the connection between malic acid and butenedioic acid?

A

We get butenedioic acid if we remove the hydroxy group from malic acid and a double bond forms instead.

153
Q

naming of mono acids

A

IUPAC: #C + oic acid
Common: formic/acetic/propionic/butyric/valeric/caproic + acid

154
Q

naming of di acids

A

IUPAC: #C + dioic acid
Common: oxalic/malonic/succinic/glutaric/adipic + acid

155
Q

naming of tri acids

A

di acid with functional groups,one will always be a carboxy group

156
Q

What is the connection between maleic acid and fumaric acid?

A

They are the cis and trans structures of butenedioic acid, respectively.

157
Q

Is malic acid toxic?

A

No. it is maleic.

158
Q

Describe what happens in the elimination-addition reaction of a tri acid

A

citric acid –> (eliminotion of water) = aconitic acid

aconitic acid –> (addition of water) = isocitric acid

159
Q

3HC-COO-

A

acetate ion

160
Q

acyl+halogen is

A

acyl halide

161
Q

acyl+organic acid is

A

aceto acid

162
Q

Preparation of acids

A

oxydation of an aldehyde/toluene/alkene

two HARD 2-step reactions with NaCN

163
Q

How many H bonds does a carboxylic acid do?

A

Four

164
Q

Acid reactions

A

R-COOH + HX –> acyl halide + water
R-COOH + R-COOH –> acid anhydride + water
R-COOH + R-OH –> ester + water
R-COOH + ammonia –> primary amide + water
R-COOH + primary amine –> secondary amide + water
R-COOH + secondary amine –> tertiary amide + water
decarboxylation of R-COOH –> alkane
Beta oxidation in two steps –> beta keto acid (ketone body)
*decarboxylation of beta keto acid –> ketone (ketone body)
*reduction of beta keto acid –> beta hydroxy acid (ketone body)

165
Q

What are the three ketone bodies?

A

beta keto acid, ketone (acetone), beta hydroxy acid

166
Q

How can we know if an amino acid is a part of a protein or not? Give an example for each.

A

It is a part of a protein if the amino group is attached to the alpha carbon, example- all amino acids
if not, it is not a protein like in the case of GABA “ gamma amino butyric acid”, which is an inhibitor of neurotransmitters.

167
Q

Lactone

A

cyclic ester
comes from hydroxy acid (dehydration)
*beta lactone does not exist

168
Q

Lactide

A

cyclic ester (two ester bonds)
comes from two lactic acids (dehydration)
*has cis and trans forms

169
Q

Laktam

A

cyclic amide
comes from amino valeric acid (dehydration)
*beta laktam exists but is not very stable (in penicillin)

170
Q

Reactions of acyl halide

A

acyl halide + water –> R-COOH + HX
O
||
acyl halide + Na-O-C-R –> anhydride + NaX
acyl halide + R-OH –> ester + HX
acyl halide + ammonia –> primary amide + HX

171
Q

Creating anhydride (monoacid)

A

two identical mono acids (dehydration) *not a ring
OR
two different mono acids (dehydration) *not a ring
OR
di acid like succinic acid (dehydration) –> succinic anhydride *ring

172
Q

which form is more stable chair or boat?

A

In cyclo hexanes the chair conformation is more stable

173
Q

which form is more stable half chair or envelope?

A

In cyclo pentanes the envelope conformation is more stable

174
Q

which conformation is the only one containing equatorial ?

A

chair in cyclo hexanes

175
Q

reaction of tertiary amine

A

no reaction!

176
Q

Which acid is stronger- formic or acetic? Why?

A

formic because of the positive inductive effect of the CH3 in acetic acid

Chemistry 1 st year (1 decks)

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