Organic Flashcards
How many carbon atoms does hexane have
6
What is the general formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
What do compounds in a homologous series have in common
Same functional group
Same chemical properties
Similar physical properties
What is an isomer
Same molecular formula but a different structural formulae
They have similar chemical properties but different physical properties
What is structural formulae
Arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon
How does fractional distillation work
Crude oil is heated where it enters the collumn
The temperature cools as you move up the collumn
Only low boiling point refinery gases make it to the top
Higher boiling point gases condense lower down the collumn
Bitumen is at the bottom
Viscosity decreases as you move up the fraction
What is the order of increasing from the bottom to top of the fraction, give a use as well
Bitumen - surface roads
Fuel oil - fuel in power stations
Diesel - fuel for trucks and cars
Kerosene - fuel for aircraft
Gasoline - fuel for cars
Refinery gases - domestic cooking/heating
How does catalytic cracking work
Silica or alumina is used as well as a temperature of 600-700 degree Celsius
Are longer hydrocarbon is broken into two smaller more useful alkenes are produced
They are more in demand and can be used to make polymers
E.g. used for fuels
What is produced by incomplete combustion
Carbon monoxide - get into blood and prevent oxygen transportation, risking blackouts, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness, and even death
Why is the production of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide a problem
Nitrogen impurities reacts with rain in the clouds to produce nitric acid
Sulphur dioxide reacts with rain in the clouds to produce sulphuric acid
This causes acid rain which can damage ecosystems
What is the general formulae for an alkene
CnH2n
Why are alkenes unsaturated
As they have a double C=C carbon bond
How do alkanes react with halogens
In the presence of u.v. Light to produce a haloalkane
Substitution reaction due to one of the hydrogens being replaced by a halogen atom
How can you test for an alkene
Add bromine water, it will cause the solution to go colourless
Addition reaction due to atoms being added on without losing molecules
What are polymers
Long chain molecules made from small chain monomers
What is required for the reaction
High pressure and a catalyst
What is addition polymerisation
Where the unsaturated monomers opens up their double C=C carbon bond and join together to form polymer chains
What is a problem with polymers
They are inert so are unable to be biodegradable so are hard to get rid of
Burning them releases toxic gases
Landfill sites can be used for other purposes
