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A Level Chem > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

1
Q

Describe reactivity of alkanes

A

Alkenes are generally unreactive
C-H and C-C bonds are strong
Caron and hydrogen have similar electronegativity so they form non polar bonds
Alkanes only experience van Der waals forces

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2
Q

Products of combustion of alkanes

A

CO2 H2O

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3
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon and how do we test for saturation

A

Saturated hydrocarbon is composed entirely of single bonds
We test by using bromine water
Alkane = no change
Alkene = colourless

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4
Q

What type of reaction is chlorination

A

Substitution

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5
Q

Conditions for chlorination

A

Uv light and room temperature

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6
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

Where we break a bond to form two of the same thing

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7
Q

What is a free radical

A

An atom with at least 1 unpaired electron

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8
Q

Mechanism for chlorination

A
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9
Q

What is crude oil

A

It is a mixture of many different hydrocarbons if varying chain length

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10
Q

What are aromatic molecules

A

They contain rings of carbon atoms with delocalised electrons

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11
Q

What are aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

All straight/branched hydrocarbons

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12
Q

Why do the different hydrocarbons separate in fractional distillation

A

Because of size and vdw forces

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13
Q

Conditions for catalytic cracking

A

500 degrees
Zeolite catalyst

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14
Q

Conditions for thermal cracking

A

750 degrees
1000kpa

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15
Q

What are the products of cracking

A

Alkane + Alkene

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16
Q

What is reforming

A

Where straight-chain hydrocarbons are processed into branched hydrocarbons and cyclic hydrocarbons for more effective combustion

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17
Q

Dangers of carbon monoxide

A

Can lead to a reduced amount of oxygen uptake by the body and possible death

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18
Q

What happens to unburnt hydrocarbons

A

Can pass through engine without reacting and react with sunlight to create photochemical smog

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19
Q

How are nitrogen oxides formed

A

-Formed in the engines of cars
-the high temps break the n-n triple bond which then reacts with oxygen

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20
Q

What are the effects of nitrogen oxides

A

Poisonous gases and can damage the ozone layer which protects us from harmful uv light

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21
Q

What are catalytic converters

A

They removed co and nox and sunburnt hydrocarbons as the exhaust exits the cars

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22
Q

Give example of some catalytic converter reactions

A
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23
Q

How is sulphur dioxide in our fuels

A

Countries where there is less restriction on impurities there fuels are contaminated with sulphur dioxide

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24
Q

What are the effects of sulphur contaminated fuels

A

React with water in the air to form acid rain
Can change the ph of souls and erode rocks and effects the ph of food crops

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25
Pros of using biofuel as an alternative fuel
Renewable Have reduced greenhouse gas emissions
26
Cons of using biofuels
Land use Can be expensive to produce
27
Pros of using methanol as an alternative
Can be produced from renewable energy sources Low production costs
28
Cons of using methanol as a fuel
Extremely toxic
29
Explain reactivity of alkenes
-alkenes are much more reactive than alkanes due to double bond - double bond creates dense area of electronegativity making them susceptible to attacks from electrophiles
30
What is an electrophile
A chemical which is attracted to electron dense areas
31
Show the reaction of hydrogenation
32
What are the conditions for hydrogenation
Nickel catalyst Heat
33
Show the reaction of hydration
Alkene + steam = alcohol
34
Conditions for hydration
H3PO4 catalyst heat and high pressure
35
Show the reaction of alkenes + hydrogen halides
36
What are the conditions for alkenes + hydrogen halides
Room temperature and pressure
37
What is the reaction of halogenation
Alkenes + halogens = dihalogenoalkane
38
Conditions for halogenation
Room temperature and pressure
39
Reaction of alkenes and potassium magnate
Creates a diol
40
What is the mechanism for eletrophillic addition
41
What is selectivity
The process by which in the reactor of alkenes and hydrogen halides there is a major and minor product depending on the stability of the carbo cation , tertiary carbocations are able to attract the greatest electron density therefore more stable
42
What is the atom economy of polymerisation
100%
43
What effect does branching in polymers have on biodegradability
Biodegrade even slower
44
What alternatives are there to throwing plastics away
Recycling Incinerating Using as feedstock
45
What is the process of recycling polymers
Plastics are melted and formed into pellets Uk ship plastic waste to china
46
What happens as a result of incinerating
Toxic gases are produced Catalysts can be used to removed toxic gases however this makes it very expensive and less economic
47
What is feedstock
Uses polymers for cracking
48
What is poly lactic acid
A plastic made from corn, decomposes into water and carbon dioxide in 47 to 90 days
49
What are uses of halogeonalkanes
Flame retardants Fire extinguishers Refigerants Propellants Solvents Pharmaceuticals
50
Show and elimination reaction
51
How is substitution avoided in elimination reaction
The naoh must be dissolved in ethanol and the mixture is heated under reflux
52
What is an amine
53
Production of amines
Halogenonalkane + ammonia
54
Conditions for the production of amines
Ethanol, heat, sealed container
55
What are nitriles
Functional groups containing a nitrogen triple bond Suffix nitrile Prefix cyano
56
Why are nitrile reactions so important
They are one of the few ways we can extend the carbon chain
57
What is the reaction for producing nitriles and what type of reaction is it
It is an example of nucleophillic substitution
58
What are the conditions for the Production of nitriles
Potassium cyanide in ethanol Heat under reflux
59
What are nuclephiles
They seek out areas of charge density
60
What is reflux
Method of continuous heating without a loss of products
61
Give an example of nucelophillic substitution
62
How is the type of mechanism affected by the type of halogenoalkane
63
Show the sn2 mechanism
64
Show sn1 mechanism
65
Difference between sn1 and sn2
Sn1 has one molecule in the first step Sn2 2 molecules in the first step
66
How can we create precipitates to test for halogenoalkanes
Add silver nitrate to a mixture of ethanol and water
67
What colour does AgI go
Pale yellow
68
What colour does Agbr go
Cream
69
What colour does agcl go
White
70
Show pi and sigma bonds
71
Why are sigma bonds strongest
Greatest game overlap
72
Shat happens to bond strength down the group of halogens
Decreases
73
Why does reactivity decrease down the group
Bond strength decreases this bond must break for nucelophillic substitution. This has more effect than electrongeativity
74
Show ketone structure
75
Show aldehyde structure
76
Why do alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes
They have hydrogen bonding which occurs between molecules
77
How are alcohols often identified
Production of hydrogen gas from the addition of sodium
78
Show the substitution reaction to convert alcohols back into hydrogen halides
79
What conditions are needed for the substitution reaction of chlorine and alcohol
Pcl5
80
How is hydrobromic acid created
50/50 mix of nabr and h2so4
81
How is phosphorus trihalide generated
From red phosphorus and iodine
82
Show the reaction of substitution of iodine
83
What are the conditions for the elimination with alcohols
Concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst
84
Show the elimination reaction of alcohols
85
Why is acidified dichromate used over magnate 7
Dichromate is more controllable
86
What are the products of tertiary alcohol oxidation
No products
87
Products of secondary alcohol oxidation
Ketones
88
Products of primary alcohol oxidation
Partial : aldehydes Full: carboxylic acids
89
How can we get an aldehyde from the oxidation of alcohols.
Heat and distil at correct temp to isolate aldehyde

A Level Chem (7 decks)

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