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AQA Paper 1 Chemistry > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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2
Q

What is crude oil formed from?

A

The remains of ancient biomass (mostly plankton) that was buried in mud

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3
Q

What is a finite resource?

A

One that will run out

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4
Q

Why is crude oil a finite resource?

A

Because it takes longer to form than the rate at which we are using it up

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5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound made of atoms of carbon and hydrogen only

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6
Q

What is a general formula?

A

A mathematical formula which allows you to work out the chemical formula of a substance

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7
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A hydrocarbon with only single bonds

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8
Q

Name the first four alkanes

A

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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9
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2 (the n and 2n are small)

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10
Q

How does boiling point change with the length of an alkane?

A

The longer the alkane, the higher its boiling point

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11
Q

How does viscosity change with the length of an alkane?

A

The longer the alkane, the more viscous (the thicker) it is

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12
Q

How does flammability change with the length of an alkane?

A

The longer the alkane, the less flammable it is

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13
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A process used to separate mixtures of substances with different boiling points

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14
Q

What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

A

Crude oil is vaporised, different molecules rise up the fractionating column and cool down. Condense at different points on the column.

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15
Q

Why is fractional distillation important?

A

Because the different fractions have different uses

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16
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A substance which when reacted with oxygen releases energy

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17
Q

Name five fuels we obtain from crude oil

A

Petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied petroleum gases

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18
Q

What other uses are there for products of fractional distillation?

A

Solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents

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19
Q

What is combustion?

A

The reaction of a fuel with oxygen

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20
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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21
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there is not enough oxygen present

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22
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process of breaking down a long hydrocarbon into smaller hydrocarbons

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23
Q

What are the products of cracking?

A

Short alkanes and alkenes

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24
Q

Why is cracking important?

A

Because smaller hydrocarbons are more useful than longer ones

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25
Q

What are the two types of cracking?

A

Catalytic and steam cracking

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26
Q

What are alkenes

A

A different type of hydrocarbon which is more reactive than an alkane

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27
Q

What are alkenes used for?

A

As a starting material to make more useful chemicals

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28
Q

How do you test for an alkene?

A

React it with bromine water

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29
Q

What is the colour change when an alkene reacts with bromine water?

A

Turns from orange to colourless

30
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon with a double bond

31
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

32
Q

What does unsaturated means?

A

Contains double bonds (which could become C-H bonds)

33
Q

What are the first four alkenes?

A

Ethene, propene, butene, pentene

34
Q

What are the four reactions of alkenes?

A

Combustion, with water, with hydrogen and with halogens

35
Q

How is the combustion of alkenes different to combustion of alkanes?

A

Alkenes usually react by incomplete combustion so burn with smoky flames

36
Q

Why are the reactions of alkenes with hydrogen, water and halogens known as “addition” reactions?

A

Because new atoms are being added to the molecule by breaking the double bond

37
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with hydrogen?

A

An alkane

38
Q

What conditions are necessary in the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen?

A

60°C, Nickel catalyst

39
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with a halogen?

A

An alkane with two halogen atoms where the double bond used to be

40
Q

What is the product from the reaction of an alkene with steam?

A

An alcohol

41
Q

What conditions are necessary for the reaction of alkenes with steam?

A

High temperature, high pressure, catalyst

42
Q

What functional group do all alcohols have?

A

OH

43
Q

Name and draw the first four alcohols

A

Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol (ethanol pictured)

44
Q

What happens when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

It forms a sodium salt (e.g. sodium ethoxide from ethanol) and releases hydrogen gas.

45
Q

What are the products of a combustion reaction involving an alcohol and oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide and water

46
Q

Write a symbol equation for the reaction of methanol/ethanol/propanol/butanol with oxygen

A

E.g CH₃CH₂OH + 5O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O

47
Q

Do alcohols dissolve in water?

A

Yes, they form neutral solutions

48
Q

How do alcohols react with oxidizing agents?

A

They turn into carboxylic acids

49
Q

What are the main uses of alcohols?

A

Solvents, ethanol used as drinking alcohol and a biofuel

50
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process of turning glucose (a natural sugar) into ethanol

51
Q

What is required for natural fermentation?

A

Yeast

52
Q

What functional groups do all carboxylic acids have?

A

COOH

53
Q

Name and draw the first four carboxylic acids

A

Methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, butanoic acid (image is ethanoic acid)

54
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?

A

Not all their molecules ionise when in water

55
Q

What is the product of a reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?

A

An ester

56
Q

What is polymerisation?

A

The process of using small molecules (monomers) to make long chain molecules (polymers)

57
Q

What are the two types of polymerisation?

A

Addition and condensation

58
Q

What monomers are involved in addition polymerisation?

A

Alkenes

59
Q

How do we draw polymers?

A

In round brackets with an n [poly(ethene) is shown]

60
Q

What type of monomers are involved in condensation polymerisation?

A

Ones with two functional groups (like a diol)

61
Q

What are the products of condensation polymerization?

A

A polymer and a small molecule (usually water)

62
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

A biological molecule with two functional groups

63
Q

Which functional groups do amino acids have?

A

NH₂ and -COOH

64
Q

What do amino acids form during a condensation reaction?

A

Polypeptides

65
Q

What is formed from different amino acids combined in one chain?

A

Proteins

66
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

67
Q

What is DNA?

A

A large molecule containing genetic information

68
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two polymer chains made from nucleotides in the form of a double helix

69
Q

Name four naturally occurring polymers

A

DNA, proteins, starch, cellulose

70
Q

What monomers are starch and cellulose made of?

A

Glucose

AQA Paper 1 Chemistry (7 decks)

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