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organic Flashcards

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1
Q

How are halogenoalkanes formed from alkanes and the conditions required?

A

Radical subsitution
UV light

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages to radical subsitution?

A

Initiation, propagation and termination

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3
Q

Write the equation for the reaction of CH4 with Cl2 to form CH3Cl.

A

Initiation: Cl2 —> 2Cl. (in presence of UV light)
Propagation: Cl. + CH4 —> HCl + .CH3
.CH3 +Cl2 —> CH3Cl +Cl.
Termination: .CH3 + Cl. —> CH3Cl
2Cl. —> Cl2
.CH3 + .CH3 —> CH3CH3

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4
Q

What reaction and conditions are needed to make an alcohol from an alkene? (+mechanism)

A

-Hydration reaction
-Steam in presence of acid catalyst (usually phosphoric acid)
-https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/chemistry-revision/a-level-edexcel/organic-chemistry/flashcards/ (slide 143)

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5
Q

What reaction and conditions are needed to make a halogenoalkane from an alkene? (+mechanism)

A

-Electrophillic addition
-Hydrogen halide at room temp
-https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/chemistry-revision/a-level-edexcel/organic-chemistry/flashcards/
(slide 147)

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6
Q

What is the reaction when a halogen is added to an alkene?

A

halogenation

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7
Q

Mechanism between bromine and ethene.

A

https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/chemistry-revision/a-level-edexcel/organic-chemistry/flashcards/
(slide 152)

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8
Q

What is the reaction called and the conditions for the conversion of an alkene to an alkane? What is it useful for?

A

-Hydrogenation
-heat at high temp
-Nickel catalyst
-Making margarine

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9
Q

How would you represent the polymerisation of ethene.

A

https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/chemistry-revision/a-level-edexcel/organic-chemistry/flashcards/
(slide 160)

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10
Q

What is the reaction and the conditions for the formation of an alkene from a halogenoalkane?

A

-Elimination reaction
-ethanolic NaOH/ KOH
-Heat under reflux

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11
Q

What is the reaction and conditions for the conversion of halogenoalkanes to nitriles? Why is this reaction useful?

A

-Nuclepophilic substitution
-KCN
-Heat under reflux
-Extends the carbon chain

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12
Q

What are the reactions and conditions for the conversion of a halogenoalkane to an amine?
+ mechanism

A

-Nucleophilic substitution
-Heating under pressure in a sealed tube
-(ethanolic) NH3
-
https://www.physicsandmathstutor.com/chemistry-revision/a-level-edexcel/organic-chemistry/flashcards/
(slide 212)

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13
Q

What are the products and conditions for the dehydration of alcohol?

A

-alkene and water
-Concentrated sulfuric or phosphoric acid at high temperatures.

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14
Q

What is the reaction and conditions for forming chloroalkanes from secondary and primary alcohols?

A

PCl5

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15
Q

How can you produce bromoalkanes from alcohols?

A

50% conc sulfuric acid and KBr

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16
Q

How can you produce iodoalkanes from alcohols?

A

Red phosphorus and iodine

17
Q

How can you produce chloroaklanes from tertiary alcohols?

A

Mix with conc HCl

18
Q

What is the reaction and condition for the conversion of a halogenoalkane to an alcohol?

A

-nucleophilic subsitition
Aqueous KOH/ NaOH heat under reflux
or
water and warm

19
Q

How can you form an aldehyde from an alcohol?

A

Potassium dichromate (VI) , dilute sulfuric acid and instant distillation of primary alchohol.

20
Q

How can you form a carboxylic acid from an alcohol?

A

Potassium dichromate (VI) , dilute sulfuric acid and heat under reflux of primary alcohol.

21
Q

How can you form a ketone from an alcohol?

A

Potassium dichromate (VI) , dilute sulfuric acid and heat under reflux of secondary alcohol.

Chemistry (5 decks)

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