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Mechanisms And Reactions > Organic > Flashcards

Organic Flashcards

1
Q

Alkene —> Alkane

A

Hydrogenation
Electrophilic Addition
Finely divided nickel catalyst
180C 4atm

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2
Q

Alkene —> alcohol

A

Hydration
Electrophilic addition
Conc. phosphoric acid
300C 60atm

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3
Q

Alkene —> Polymer

A

Addition polymerisation

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4
Q

Alkene —> Halogenoalkane

A

Electrophilic addition
Room temp
+HX or X2

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5
Q

Halogenoalkane —> Alkene

A

Elimination
Hot ethanolic KOH solution

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6
Q

Halogenoalkane —> alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Reflux with aqueous NaOH with small amount of ethanol

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7
Q

Alcohol —> halogenoalkane

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Reflux with NaBr + H2SO4 = HBr in situ

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8
Q

Primary alcohol —> aldehyde

A

Oxidation
Distil with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
Colour change = orange —> green

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9
Q

Secondary alcohol —> Ketone

A

Oxidation
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
Colour change = orange —> green

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10
Q

Aldehyde —> carboxylate acid

A

Oxidation
Reflux with acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

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11
Q

Aldehyde —> primary alcohol

A

Reduction
Reflux with LiALH4 (lithal)
Dissolved in dry ether

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12
Q

Ketone —> secondary alcohol

A

Reduction
Reflux with LiALH4
Dissolved in dry ether

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13
Q

Ketone —> 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

A

Condensation
Mix with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Orange precipitate

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14
Q

Ketone —> cyanohydrin

A

Nucleophilic addition
NaCN or KCN + H2SO4 = HCN in situ

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15
Q

Aldehyde —> 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone

A

Condensation
Mix with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Orange precipitate

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16
Q

Aldehyde —> cyanohydrin

A

Nucleophilic addition
NaCN or KCN + H2SO4 = HCN in situ

17
Q

Alkane —> primary halogenoalkane

A

Monohalogenation
Free radical substitution
UV light

18
Q

Primary halogenoalkane —> nitrile

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Dissolve in ethanol dropped into KCN and reflux

19
Q

Primary halogenoalkane —> primary amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution
Heated with ethanolic ammonia in sealed tube

20
Q

Nitrile —> primary amine

A

Reduction
Reflux with LiALH4 (lithal) dissolved in ether.

21
Q

Primary amine —> amide

A

Condensation
React with acrylic chloride

22
Q

Amide —> nitrile

A

Dehydration
Distil over P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide)

23
Q

Nitrile —> carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis
Reflux with dilute HCL or dilute NaOH

24
Q

Carboxylic acid —> ammonium salt

A

Addition
React with ammonia

25
Q

Ammonium salt —> amide

A

Dehydration
Heat

26
Q

Carboxylic acid —> acyl chloride

A

React with PCl5
(Phosphorus pentachloride)

27
Q

Acyl chloride —> carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis
React with H2O

28
Q

Acyl chloride —> amide

A

Condensation
React with amine

29
Q

Acyl chloride —> ester

A

Esterification
(Condensation)
Reflux with alcohol

30
Q

Carboxylic acid —> sodium salt

A

Neutralisation
React with Na or NaCO3

31
Q

Carboxylic acid —> ester

A

Esterification
(Condensation)
Reflux with alcohol
Conc. H2SO4 removes H2O

32
Q

Ester —> carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis
Reflux with dilute HCl or dilute NaOH

Mechanisms And Reactions (2 decks)

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