Organic #1 Flashcards
What is a primary carbon?
one carbon attached to one other carbon
What is a secondary carbon?
one carbon attached to two other carbons
What is a tertiary carbon?
one carbon attached to three others carbons
What is a structural/constitutional isomer?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different orders of atoms
What are the three types of structural/constitutional isomers and what are their definitions?
Skeletal: different arrangements
Positional: different position of substitute
Functional: different functional groups
To be determined a chiral carbon, what does that carbon have to be?
Non-superimposed, C has a hybridization of sp^3 and has four different groups attached
Place the intermolecular forces in order of increasing melting, boiling points, and water solubility
London Dispersion< Dipole-dipole < H-Bonding
What is an Electrophilic Agent?
a positive species that wants electrons
What is an Nucleophilic Agent?
a negative or neutral species wanting to give a pair of electrons to a positively charged carbon near an electronegative species, like a halogen
𝛿+ are sites for…
nucleophilic attack
pi bonds and 𝛿- are sites for…
electrophilic attack
What is the order of stability in tertiary, primary, and secondary?
tertiary>secondary>primary
Alkanes have —- and —- products
major and minor
What happens during the halogenation of alkanes?
Nucleophilic substitution reaction with halogens
What type of reactions are ethers?
Nucleophilic substitution reaction
How are amines produced?
Nucleophilic substitution reaction with NH2
Water solubility —- with # of carbon atoms
decreases
Hydrolysis of esters form …?
salts
What are two ways to make an amide?
carboxylic acid + amine = amide + water
ester + amine = amide + alcohol
How are carboxylic acids made?
oxidations of primary alcohols or aldehydes
How are esters prepared?
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol = water + esters
Acid anhydride + Alcohol = ester and carboxylic acid
How can organic salts be formed?
organic acid/base + acid/base = organic salt
I am —
confusion
What does the oxidation of a tertiary alcohol produce?
NO REACTION
What molecules are oxidations of alcohols carried out by?
K2Cr2O7, Na2Cr2O7, or Cr2O7^2-
What does the oxidation of a primary alcohol produce and what are the two steps to do this?
Aldehyde then Carboxylic acid
What does the oxidation of a secondary carbon produce?
Ketone
What is the “equation” for the production of ethers
Na^+ ^-OR + R’Br = R’-OR +NaBr
What types of attacks are aldehydes and ketones prone to?
Both electrophilic and nucleophilic
What does the reduction of an aldehyde produce?
Primary alcohol
What does the reduction of a ketone produce?
Secondary alcohol
What are the reducing agents in a 2 step reduction?
NaBH4 then H+/H2O
LiAlH4 then H+/H2O
aldehyde/ketone + water =
hydrate/germinal diol
Aldehyde/ketone +alcohol =
hemiacetals
Carboxylic acids reaction with strong bases/alcohols to produce…
water and ester
Acid anhydride + alcohol =
ester and carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid + amine =
amide + water
ester + amine =
amide +alcohol
How are polyesters formed?
dicarboxylic acid + diol (alcohol) = polyester +H2O
How are polyamides formed?
diesters + diamine = polyamide + alcohol
What makes one organic acid more acid than another?
The more electronegative atoms that an H is attached to the more acidic it is.
