Organic #1

Question 1

What is a primary carbon?

Answer 1

one carbon attached to one other carbon

Question 2

What is a secondary carbon?

Answer 2

one carbon attached to two other carbons

Question 3

What is a tertiary carbon?

Answer 3

one carbon attached to three others carbons

Question 4

What is a structural/constitutional isomer?

Answer 4

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different orders of atoms

Question 5

What are the three types of structural/constitutional isomers and what are their definitions?

Answer 5

Skeletal: different arrangements
Positional: different position of substitute
Functional: different functional groups

Question 6

To be determined a chiral carbon, what does that carbon have to be?

Answer 6

Non-superimposed, C has a hybridization of sp^3 and has four different groups attached

Question 7

Place the intermolecular forces in order of increasing melting, boiling points, and water solubility

Answer 7

London Dispersion< Dipole-dipole < H-Bonding

Question 8

What is an Electrophilic Agent?

Answer 8

a positive species that wants electrons

Question 9

What is an Nucleophilic Agent?

Answer 9

a negative or neutral species wanting to give a pair of electrons to a positively charged carbon near an electronegative species, like a halogen

Question 10

𝛿+ are sites for…

Answer 10

nucleophilic attack

Question 11

pi bonds and 𝛿- are sites for…

Answer 11

electrophilic attack

Question 12

What is the order of stability in tertiary, primary, and secondary?

Answer 12

tertiary>secondary>primary

Question 13

Alkanes have —- and —- products

Answer 13

major and minor

Question 14

What happens during the halogenation of alkanes?

Answer 14

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with halogens

Question 15

What type of reactions are ethers?

Answer 15

Nucleophilic substitution reaction

Question 16

How are amines produced?

Answer 16

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with NH2

Question 17

Water solubility —- with # of carbon atoms

Answer 17

decreases

Question 18

Hydrolysis of esters form …?

Answer 18

salts

Question 19

What are two ways to make an amide?

Answer 19

carboxylic acid + amine = amide + water

ester + amine = amide + alcohol

Question 20

How are carboxylic acids made?

Answer 20

oxidations of primary alcohols or aldehydes

Question 21

How are esters prepared?

Answer 21

Carboxylic acid + Alcohol = water + esters

Acid anhydride + Alcohol = ester and carboxylic acid

Question 22

How can organic salts be formed?

Answer 22

organic acid/base + acid/base = organic salt

Question 23

I am —

Answer 23

confusion

Question 24

What does the oxidation of a tertiary alcohol produce?

Answer 24

NO REACTION

Question 25

What molecules are oxidations of alcohols carried out by?

Answer 25

K2Cr2O7, Na2Cr2O7, or Cr2O7^2-

Question 26

What does the oxidation of a primary alcohol produce and what are the two steps to do this?

Answer 26

Aldehyde then Carboxylic acid

Question 27

What does the oxidation of a secondary carbon produce?

Answer 27

Ketone

Question 28

What is the "equation" for the production of ethers

Answer 28

Na^+ ^-OR + R'Br = R'-OR +NaBr

Question 29

What types of attacks are aldehydes and ketones prone to?

Answer 29

Both electrophilic and nucleophilic

Question 30

What does the reduction of an aldehyde produce?

Answer 30

Primary alcohol

Question 31

What does the reduction of a ketone produce?

Answer 31

Secondary alcohol

Question 32

What are the reducing agents in a 2 step reduction?

Answer 32

NaBH4 then H+/H2O | LiAlH4 then H+/H2O

Question 33

aldehyde/ketone + water =

Answer 33

hydrate/germinal diol

Question 34

Aldehyde/ketone +alcohol =

Answer 34

hemiacetals

Question 35

Carboxylic acids reaction with strong bases/alcohols to produce...

Answer 35

water and ester

Question 36

Acid anhydride + alcohol =

Answer 36

ester and carboxylic acid

Question 37

Carboxylic acid + amine =

Answer 37

amide + water

Question 38

ester + amine =

Answer 38

amide +alcohol

Question 39

How are polyesters formed?

Answer 39

dicarboxylic acid + diol (alcohol) = polyester +H2O

Question 40

How are polyamides formed?

Answer 40

diesters + diamine = polyamide + alcohol

Question 41

What makes one organic acid more acid than another?

Answer 41

The more electronegative atoms that an H is attached to the more acidic it is.