Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 225 > organelles part 2 > Flashcards

organelles part 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

general characteristics of lysosomes

A

digest macromolecules
- can degrade all cellular components
- contain acid hydrolyses
resident proteins modified by Golgi apparatus and trafficked via vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the structure of lysosomes

A

heterogenous –> have vesicles leaving and coming in which constantly changes shape
non uniform structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

delivering materials to endosomes

A 
endocytosis 
- brings in part of membrane
phagocytocysis
- brings in larger particles
autophagy
- old organelles are targeted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what organelle acts as a lysosome in plants and fungi?

A

vacuoles
- contain hydrolytic enzymes
- also store nutrients and waste
different functions for different vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

characteristics of peroxisomes

A

not part of endomembranous system
single membrane organs
perform oxidation reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do peroxisomes convert hydrogen peroxide into something less toxic?

A

peroxidation

- convert h202 to h20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is Zellweger syndrome

A

peroxisome disorder

causes abnormalities in brain, liver, kidneys and other physical deformities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

general characteristics of mitochondria cell cycle

A

maintain own DNA, but incomplete
require proteins from cytosol
replication resembles bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mitochondria: outer membrane

A

fatty acid breakdown

adding or removing carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

inner membrane

A

site of electron transport chain

site of oxidative phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

matrix

A

cite of citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is glycolysis

A

6 carbon glucose is oxidized to 2 3 carbon pyruvate
produces little ATP
reduces electron carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the major product of glycolysis

A

glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2P–>

2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H + 2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the names for the citric acid cycle

A

tricaboxylic acid cycle
citric acid cycle
krebbs cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the products of TCA cycle

A

1 glucose:
glucose + 10 NAD + 2FAD + 4 ADP +4P–>
6CO2 + 10 NADH + 2FADH + 4 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the purpose of the citric acid cycle

A

doesn’t produce much ATP but electron carriers will down the road

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the electron transport chain (respiration)

A

electrons passed through a series of pumps to terminal electron acceptor (oxygen)
creates a proton gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why do we need an electron transportt chain

A

use heat energy to do work

avoid combustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

exergonic

A
  • number
    spontaneous
    favorable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

endergonic

A

+ number
non spontaneous
unfavourable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the most favourable free energy

A

biggest number for acceptor

smallest number for donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

transfer of electrons in ETC creates a proton gradient that leads to a chemical and charge gradient
- proton motive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what properties make up the proton motive force?

A

chemical gradient + charge gradient

24
Q

what is the definitive experiment

A

demonstrated that the electron transport chain isn’t linked

in the absence of light, no proton movement and no ATP produced

25
Q

how many protons are required to produce a full turn of the proton path

A

10 subunits = 10 protons

26
Q

what is the ratio of protons to ATP yield?

A

4 protons per ATP

or 12 protons for 4 ATP

27
Q

what are the 3 conformations of ATP synthase

A

Open –> allows things to move in/out
Loose–> holds ADP and Pi
Tense –> converts ADP and Pi to ATP

28
Q

general overview of oxidative phosphorylation

A

electron transport chain pumps protons along series of pumps to ATP synthase where the movement of protons produce ATP

29
Q

what are the 2 stages of oxidative phosphorylation (process of chemiosmotic coupling)

A
  1. high energy Es are used to pump H+ across a membrane

2. H+ flows down the gradient through ATP synthase

30
Q

where are the protons pumped during OP and where do they go?

A

pumped from mitochondrial matrix and into inner membrane space

31
Q

what happens if oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled?

A

lose the proton gradient, lose production of ATP and cell will lose energy no matter how hard it works

32
Q

what complex does cyanide inhibit

A

complex 4, cytochrome oxidase
uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting this complex (stops electron chain, no regeneration of NAD+, no TCA cycle)

33
Q

what is the purpose of brown fat cells and where is it found

A

brown fat cells purposefully uncouple OP to generate heat and couple to Thermogenin (produce heat energy)
found in infants

34
Q

what is the direction of proton motive force due to membrane potential and H+ gradient

A

membrane potential –> flow from + to -

H+ gradient –> flow from [high] to [low]

35
Q

what process is utilized during exercise

A

anaerobic glycolysis, fermentation keeps going NO OXYGEN

36
Q

what is the net rxn of glycolysis

A

glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2P –> 2 pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H

37
Q

what is the net rxn of TCA

A

glucose + 10 NAD + 2FAD + 4ADP 4Pi –> 6CO2 + 10NADH + 2 FADH + 4ATP

38
Q

what is the net rxn of oxidative phosphorylation

A

10NADH +10H + 2FADH + 6CO2 + 34 ADP + 24 P–> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 2H20 +34 ATP

39
Q

what is photosynthesis and where does it take place

A

light energy is harvested and CO2 is fixed as carbohydrates, takes place in chloroplasts of plants

40
Q

how did chloroplasts arise

A

may have been ancient cyanobacteria taken up by a cell

41
Q

what is the net rxn of carbon dioxide fixation

A

light + 6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

42
Q

what is the electron donor utilized in oxygenic photosynthesis

A

H20

43
Q

what is the light rxn

A

photosynthetic e- transfer

44
Q

what is the dark rxn

A

carbon fixation (independant of light)

45
Q

where are protons pumped from and where do they go in chloroplasts

A

pumped from storm and into the thylakoid lumen

flow down from lumen back into storm

46
Q

what is chlorophyll and what does it do

A

pigment embedded in the membrane, within photosystem, converts solar energy into chemical energy

47
Q

why do plants use photosynthesis rather than oxidative phosphorylation?

A

get electrons from water, water cannot directly donate its water to anyone so it must be energized with light
not enough energy would be produced to keep cell alive based on waters low E’

48
Q

what is produced when you take protons from water?

A

oxygenic reactions –> O2

49
Q

what does photosystem I do ?

A

accepts electrons from PC and passes them to ferradoxin

50
Q

what does photosystem II do?

A

removes the electrons from water and passes to MSP

51
Q

what does cytochrome B do ?

A

receives electrons from PS II and passes to PS I

52
Q

what is catabolism?

A

glucose is broken down into smaller molecules and reduced electron carriers and ATP (glycolysis)

53
Q

what is anabolism?

A

ATP is used to build glucose and larger molecules

54
Q

where is the electron transport chain located in the chloroplast ? where is it in the mitochondria?

A

chloroplast –> thylakoid membrane

mitochondria –> inner membrane

55
Q

what is the Calvin cycle

A

cycle used by most organisms to get carbon from CO2
from 5C molecule to 3C molecules
5C molecule + 1 C = 6 C molecule –> split into 2 3C molecules

BIO 225 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions