Organelles and others

Question 1

(prokaryotic)

Cell Wall Function

Answer 1

• Protects and maintains shape of the cell.
• Made of peptidoglycan
• Capsule

Question 2

(prokaryotic)

Plasma Membrane

Answer 2

• Inside the cell wall
• Controls the movement in and out of a cell.
• Plays role in binary fission
• Cytoplasm occupies the interior
• No internal membranes

Question 3

(prokaryotic)

Pilli + flagella

Answer 3

• Hair-like growths
• used for attachment or conjugation
• joins bacterial cells together to transfer DNA from one to another
• Flagella is for movement of the cell.

Question 4

(Prokaryotic)

Ribosomes

Answer 4

• Protein synthesis

- 70s

Question 5

(Prokaryotic)

Nucleoid region:

Answer 5

• Circular thread of DNA

- Cell control and reproduction

Question 6

(Prokaryotic

Plasmids

Answer 6

-Small DNA regions

Question 7

Binary fission

Answer 7

• Cell division
• Asexual
• DNA copied and two identical daughter cells are produced.

Question 8

(Eukaryotes)

Plasma membrane

Answer 8

• Controls movement of cells in and out.
• selectively permeable
• Double layer of phospholipids:
• Hydrophobic, hydrophilic
• Contains proteins

Question 9

(Eukaryotic)

Cell Wall

Answer 9

• made of cellulae
• supports and protects cells
• permeable barrier. Not selective
• have a sticky lamella which binds adjoining cells together.
• prevents expansion of the cell
• allows water to pass freely

Question 10

(Eukaryotic)

Nucleus

Answer 10

• Contains genetic material which instructs the cell.
• Separated from cytoplasm via a nucleus envelope.
• Contains the nucleolus: site for producing ribosomes.
• Has pores to allow mRNA to go in and out of nucleus
• Nuclear envelope is in contact with reticulum.

Question 11

(Eukaryotic)

Cytoplasm

Answer 11

• Holds organelles in place.

- Cystosol is if organelles are removed.

Question 12

(Eukaryotic)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 12

-Series of membranes which spreads through the
cell.
-Has cisternae which are membrane sacs.
-Smooth type: Lacks ribosomes. Makes fats and steroids, and membrane phospholipids.
-Rough type: Has membranes and role is to make proteins.
-proteins are put in vesicles to transport to golgi body.

Question 13

(Eukaryotic)

Ribosomes

Answer 13

• 80s
• Protein synthesis
• Each consist of two sections. Large and small sub-unit.
• NOT ORGANELLES. Do not have membranes.

Question 14

(Eukaryotic)

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 14

-Has flattened vesicles called cisternae.
-cis face is towards RER and receives products.
-Proteins and lipids are modified and moved within the cell.
-Usually manufactures and secretes substances.
-Vesicles form from each cisternae.
They become. lysosomes or fuse membranes.
-Vesicles transport proteins from one cisternae to another.

Question 15

(Eukaryotic)

Lysosomes

Answer 15

• Digests proteins, fats and carbs
• Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal.
• Can explode.
• Fuse with vesicles containing unwanted matter.
• Contains enzymes which digest unwanted matter.
• Some small molecules diffuse back into cytoplasm if wanted.

Question 16

(Eukaryotic)

Mitochondria

Answer 16

-Produces energy through chemical reaction.
-Have a cristae which is a two layered membrane wall
Increases surface area for aerobic cellular respiration.
-Has semi-fluid called matrix.
-Similar size to bacteria

Question 17

(Eukaryotic)

Chloroplast

Answer 17

• Contains green pigment-chlorophyll
• They have two-layered wall
• Stacks of thylakoid called granum.
• site of photosynthesis
• contains two fluid separated membranes to give structure and protection.
• lamella membranes are stacked to fit many chlorophyll molecules -large surface area which means greater photosynthetic efficiency.

Question 18

(Eukaryotic)

Vacuole

Answer 18

• Membrane bound sacs for storage and digestion.
• Contains water solutions
• Enables cells to have high surface area to volume ratio.
• A liquid filled space which stores water and enzymes.
• Surrounded by membrane called tonoplast.
• Provides structure by maintain turgor.