Organelles Flashcards
a Dutch naturalist and craftsman, is known to have made over 500 microscopes.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723),
proposed that all plants are made up of cells.
Mathias Schleiden
observed and proposed that all animals are also made up of cells.
Theodor Schwann
The term cell was first introduced in 1665
Robert Hooke
identified a darkly staining structure at the center of every cell he observed. He referred to such structure as the nucleus.
Robert Brown
All cells are composed of a living substance called the protoplasm
Cell Structure and Organization
Also known as plasma membrane or plasmalemma. This is a double-layered membrane that encloses the cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
is an additional boundary. The __ of plant is a very tough substance made up of cellulose, which provides support and protection to the cell from injury.
CELL WALL
Inside the cell membrane and surrounding the nucleus is a part of the protoplasm.
Site where cellular processes occur
CYTOPLASM
darkly staining part of the protoplasm enclosed by a membrane called nuclear membrane or nuclear envelop
Dona storage and transfer of genetic materials
NUCLEUS
small, double-membrane, spherical or sausages haped organelles involved in the production of energy.
MITOCHONDRIA
Are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells, some protozoans, and bacteria. It is involved in the manufacture of food (photosynthesis).
PLASTIDS
Are small granular structures made up of RNA and proteins.
protein photosynthesis
RIBOSOMES
is a membranous structure forming a network of canals where proteins and other molecules are being transported.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
This is another membranous organelle forming a structure of a stack of flattened sacs located very close to the endoplasmic reticulum. It looks like a maze with water droplets splashing off it.
GOLGI APPARATUS OR GOLGI COMPLEX
lack a true nucleus while eukaryotes possess a true nucleus. __ contain genetic material (DNA) arranged in a single circular structure found in the nucleoid region they lack membrane-bound organelles.
PROKARYOTES
Different Types of Cells in the body
STEM CELL
BLOOD CELLS
FAT CELLS
SKIN CELLS
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
NERVE CELLS
SEX CELLS
CANCER CELLS
Unique cells of the body, they have the ability to develop into specialized cells for specific organs or to develop into tissues.
STEM CELLS
transporting oxygen throughout the body to fighting infection, cells of the blood are vital to life.
BLOOD CELLS
Also called adipocytes, are the major cell component of adipose tissue. Adipocytes contain droplets of stored fat (triglycerides) that can be used for energy.
FAT CELLS
composed of a layer of epithelial tissue (epidermis) that is supported by a layer of connective tissue (dermis) and an underlying subcutaneous layer.
SKIN CELLS
forms the inner lining of cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures. These cells make up the inner layer of blood vessels.
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system. __ send signals among the brain, spinal cord, and other body organs via nerve impulses.
NERVE CELLS
reproductive cells are also called gametes.
SEX CELLS
results from the development of abnormal properties in normal cells that enable them to divide uncontrollably and spread to other locations.
CANCER CELLS
results in the production of daughter cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
MEIOSIS
Cell Cycle
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
a type of cell division in which the nucleus of the cell divides into two nuclei with identical genetic material.
MITOSIS
Major events during the interphase:
G1 (Growth 1) Phase
S (Synthesis) Phase
G2 (Growth 2) Phase
cell cycle at this stage is still young and it undergoes rapid growth
G1 (Growth 1) Phase
The DNA, the main composition of the chromosomes inside the nucleus of the cell, doubles at this stage by a process called replication
S (Synthesis) Phase
Preparations for cell division
G2 (Growth 2) Phase
4 Stages of Mitosis
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
long and thread-like chromatids during the interphase start to coil at this stage and become visible under a compound microscope as individual chromosomes.
PROPHASE
Chromosomes move and align themselves at the center of the cell called __ plate.
METAPHASE
sister chromatids of each chromosome divide and move toward opposite poles due to the shortening of the spindle fibers.
ANAPHASE
chromatids (now called chromosomes) are located on opposite poles.
TELOPHASE
Meiosis is the main event involved in the process of gamete formation called gametogenesis.
gamete formation in females is called __.
oogenesis
Gamete formation in males is called __
spermatogenesis
If meiosis does not occur properly, an egg or sperm could end up with too many chromosomes, or not enough chromosomes. Upon fertilization, the baby could then receive an extra chromosome ((
TRISOMY), or have a missing chromosome (MONOSOMY).
Multicellular unit of life or fundamental unit of life
Cell
States that all organism are composed of cell
Cell theory
One of the basic principle of Biology
Cell theory
Cell in plants only
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Central vacuole
Cell in animal only
Lysosome
Centrosome
3 types based on the membrane
Organelles without membrane
Single-layer membrane organelles
Two fold layer membrane organelles
Organelles without membrane
Cell wall
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Are non-membrane cell organelles . They are both present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Organelles without membrane
Single layer membrane organelles
Vacuoles
Golgi-apparatus
Lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Two fold membrane organelles
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Covered via 2 layers
Two fold membrane organelles
All these membrane are cover via one layer
Single layer membrane organelles
