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Biology 110 > Organelles > Flashcards

Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis
Consists of two subunits: each w/ ribosomal RNA and bound to protein molecules

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Usually the largest organelle,
Site of DNA replication,
Contains most of DNA
Site where gene transcription is turned on or off, Assembly of ribosomes begins in nucleolus

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3
Q

DNA combines w/ proteins to form _____ in long, thin strands call _____

A

Chromatin; Chromosomes

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4
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by the _____, a double membrane

A

Nuclear envelop

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5
Q

____ in the envelope control movement of molecules across the envelope

A

Nuclear pores

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6
Q

The outer membrane is continuous with the ____

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Interconnected system of membrane-enclosed compartments

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8
Q

What does the endomembrane system include

A

Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vesicles

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9
Q

Vesicles

A

Shuttles substances between various compartments

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of membranes in the cytoplasm; large surface area

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes are attached; newly made proteins enter the RER lumen and are modified, folded, and transported to other regions in vesicles that pinch off from the RER lumen

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12
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

No ribosomes; chemically modifies small molecules such as drugs and pesticides

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13
Q

What is the function of the SER

A

Site of glycogen degradation in animal cells; synthesis of lipids and steroids; and stores calcium ions

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14
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Flattened sacs (cisternae) and small vesicles; receives proteins from the RER; modifies, concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins
In plant cells, polysaccharides for cell walls are synthesized here

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy in fuel molecules such as glucose is transformed to the bonds of energy-rich ATP; two membranes; can reproduce and divide independently of the central nucleus

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16
Q

Inner membrane folds inward to form _____ and creates large surface area for the embedded proteins involved in cellular respiration

A

Cristae

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17
Q

Mitochondrial matrix contains ____ and _____ to make proteins needed for cellular respiration

A

DNA; ribosomes

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18
Q

Plastids

A

Only in plants and some protists

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19
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis; have a double membrane and can divide independently of the nucleus

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20
Q

The chloroplasts inner membrane forms _____ which contains chlorophyll and other pigments that harvest light energy

A

Thylakoids

21
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Contain red, orange, and yellow pigmentss which give color to flowers

22
Q

Leucoplasts

A

Store starches and fats

23
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Collect and break down toxic byproducts of metabolism such as H2O2, using specialized enzymes

24
Q

Gyloxysomes

A

Only in plants; lipids are converted to carbohydrates for growth

25
Q

Vacuoles

A

Provide structure for plant cells- water enters the vacuole by osmosis, creating turgor pressure

26
Q

What do vacuoles store

A

Anthocyanins (pink and blue pigments) in flowers and fruits; the colors attract pollinators

27
Q

Food molecules enter the cell by _____

A

Phagocytosis

28
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain digestive enzymes that hydrolyze macromolecules into monomers

29
Q

Primary lysosome

A

Originate from golgi apparatus

30
Q

Phagosomes fuse with primary lysosomes to form ___. Enzymes hydrolyze the food molecules

A

Secondary lysosomes

31
Q

Wastes are ejected by _____

A

Exocytosis

32
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports and maintains cell shape, holds organelles in position, moves organelles, involved in cytoplasmic streaming, interacts with extracellular structures to hold cell in place, composed of three types of filaments

33
Q

Pili

A

hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface. They help bacteria adhere to other cells

34
Q

Some prokaryotes swim using _____, made of the protein flagellin

A

Flagella

35
Q

Why is surface area-volume ratio important

A

As cell volume increases, chemical activity increases, alone with the need for resources and waste removal. Because resources and waste come in and out through the membrane, surface area becomes limited

36
Q

Cell membrane

A

Selectively permeable barrier, allows cells to maintain a constant internal environment, important in communication and receiving signals

37
Q

Microfilaments

A

Help a cell or parts of a cell move, determine cell shape, made from actin, have a plus and minus end, can change length rapidly by adding actin to plus end or losing it from minus end

38
Q

Actin polymerizes to from long ______

A

Helical chains (reversible)

39
Q

______ are associated with localized changes in cell shape including cytoplasmic streaming and amoeboid movement

A

Actin filaments

40
Q

Micofilaments are also involved in the formation of

A

Pseudopodia

41
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Tough, ropelike structures; anchors cells in place

42
Q

Microtubules

A

Long, hollow cylinders; form a rigid internal skeleton; act as a framework for motor proteins

43
Q

What are microtubules made from

A

Dimers of the protein tubulin; can change length rapidly by adding or losing dimers at plus and minus ends

44
Q

Cell movement

A

Cilia and eukaryotic flagella are made of microtubules in 9+2 array

45
Q

______ serve as tracks for motor proteins, which move vesicles or organelles from one part of the cell to another

A

Microtubules

46
Q

_____ binds to a vesicle and “walks” it along by changing shape

A

Kinesin

47
Q

Kinesins move materials towards the ____ end and dyneins move materials towards the ____ end

A

Plus, minus

48
Q
A

Biology 110 (4 decks)

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