Organelles Flashcards
define a Eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animals and plant cells, as well as in algae and fungi
define a prokaryotic cell
prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler e.g. bacteria
state all the organelles in an animal cell
Plasma membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
nucleus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome
ribosome
nuclear envelope
golgi apparatus
cytoplasm
mitochondrion
what extra organelles do a plant cell have
a cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata
a vacuole
chloroplast
how are Algal cells like plant cells
they have all the same organelles including a cell wall and chloroplast
how are fungal cells different to plant cells
their cell walls are made of chitin, not cellulose
they don’t have chloroplasts because they don’t photosynthesise
does Algae carry out photosynthesis
Yes
but can be single-celled or multicellular.
describe a cell-surface (plasma) membrane
the membrane found on the surface of animal cells and just inside the cell wall of other cells.
is made mainly of lipids and proteins
explain the function of a cell-surface (plasma) membrane
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
it also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones
describe the nucleus
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane), which contains many pores.
the nucleus contains chromosomes which are made from protein-bound linear DNA and one or more structures called nucleolus
explain the function of a nucleus
the nucleus controls the cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA.
DNA contains instructions to make proteins
the pores allow substances ( e.g. RNA) to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
the nucleolus makes ribosomes
describe the mitochondrion
they’re usually oval-shaped.
they have a double membrane- the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae.
inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration
explain the function of mitochondrion
the site of aerobic respiration,
where ATP is produced.
They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy
describe Chloroplast
a small, flattened structure found in plant and algal cells
its surrounded by a double membrane, and also has membranes inside called thylakoid membranes.
these membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast in from grana.
Grana are linked together by lamellae- thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane
Explain the function of chloroplast
the site where photosynthesis takes place.
some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts happen in the stroma ( a thick fluid found in chloroplasts
describe the Golgi apparatus
a group of fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs.
vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs
Explain the function of Golgi Apparatus
it processes and packages new lipids and proteins. it also makes lysosome
describe the Golgi vesicle
A small fluid-filled sac in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus
Explain the function of the Golgi Vesicle
Stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell
describe the Lysosome
A round Organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure. its a type of Golgi vesicle
Explain the function of a lysosome
hydrolyze material ingested by phagocytic cells, such as white blood cells and bacteria
release enzymes to the outside of the cell in order to destroy material around the cell
digest worn-out organelles so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be reused
completely break down cells after they have died
describe the ribosome
A very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
it’s made up of proteins and RNA. its not surrounded by a membrane
explain the function of ribosomes
the site where proteins are made
describe the rough endoplasmic reticulum
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. the surface is covered with ribosomes
explain the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosome
describe the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum, but with no ribosomes
explain the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesises, stores and transports lipids
synthesise store and transport carbonhydrates
describe the cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants, algae and fungi
in plants and algae its made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose
in fungi it is made of chitin
explain the function of a cell wall
to provide mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created by the osmotic entry of water
to allow water to pass along it and so contribute to the movement of water through the plant
describe the cell vacuole
they support harbaceous plants, and herbaceous parts of woody plants, by making cells turgid
the sugars and amino acids may act as a temporary food store
the pigments may colour petals to attract pollinating insects
explain the function of a cell vacuole
Helps to maintain pressure inside the cell and keep the cell rigid this stops plants wilting
also involved in the isolation of unwanted chemicals inside the cell
