Organelle Function - Eukaryotes Flashcards
Cell- surface membrane
Surface of animal cells and the inner surface of plant cells and others.
They’re made up of lipids and proteins.
Regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell.
It has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals like hormones.
Nucleus
A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane), which contains many pores.
Nucleus contains chromosomes (which are made from protein-bound linear DNA).
Controls cell activity by controlling transcription of DNA.
Pores allow movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm.
Mitochondria
Oval and double membrane.
Inner folds = cristae.
Inside = matrix.
Matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration.
Site of aerobic respiration, where ATP produced.
Found in large numbers.
Oxidises glucose.
Contains proteins/ lipids and traces of DNA so control production of all proteins.
Chloroplasts
Small, flattened structure.
Double membrane.
Inside the membrane is called a thylakoid membrane.
Thylakoid membranes are stacked up to form grana.
Grana linked by lamellae.
Sites where photosynthesis takes place.
Takes place in grona or storma = A thick fluid found in chloroplasts.
Photosynthetic pigments on Thylakoid membrane.
Light energy used to derive carbs molecules from CO2
Golgi apparatus
Fluid filled membrane-bound flattened sacs.
Vesicles at edge - synthesised by SER and RER.
Processes and packages new lipids and proteins.
Makes lysosomes.
Responsible for modifying proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
Nuclear pores
Allow messenger RNA/ Ribosomes to exit the nucleus.
Nuclear envelope
Double membrane.
Controls entry and exit of materials.
Continuous with RER.
Nucleoplasm
Jelly like materials
Nucleolus
Small spherical region that contains rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid).
Synthesis ribosomes.
Golgi vesicle
Small fluid filled sac in cytoplasm.
Stored lipids and proteins made by Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell via. Cell surface membrane.
Lysosomes
Rounded organelle surrounded by a membrane.
There’s no clear internal structure. It’s a type of Golgi vesicle.
Digestive enzymes called lysozymes.
They’re kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane.
Can digest invading cells or breakdown worn ones.
Ribosomes
80-S=Eukaryotic
70-S=Prokaryotic
Small organelle that’s free in cytoplasm.
Attached to RER.
Made of proteins and RNA.
The site where proteins are made.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A system of membrane ms enclosing a fluid-filled space.
Surface is covered in ribosomes.
Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
No ribosomes.
Synthesises and processes lipids.
Cell wall
Rigid structure surrounds plants, algae and fungi.
Usually cellulose but in fungi it’s chitin.
Supports cells and prevents them from changing shape.
Call vacuole
Membrane bound organelle found in cytoplasm of plant cells. Contains cell sap.
Helps maintain pressure inside cell and keeps it rigid. That stops it wilting.
Involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals.
Centrioles
Small protein tubes or micro tubes. That forms cel division (known as spindles).
It’s separate to chromosomes.
What organelles are not surrounded by membranes
Ribosomes and centrioles.
In multicellular eukaryotic cells,
Cells become specialised to carry out specific function.
What helps a cell carry out its function
It’s structure
Lots of energy means it needs lots of
Mitochondria
Makes lots of proteins means it needs
Lots of ribosomes
Villi
Increase surface area. It’s surface has folds in cell surface membranes called microvilli which increased surface area
Epithelial cells in small intestine are specialised to what
Absorb food efficiently.
Mitochondria provide energy for transport of digested food molecules
What are specialised cells organised into
Tissues, organs and organ system
Specialised cells are grouped together to form
Tissues
A tissue is
A group of cells working together to perform a particular function
Different tissues work together to from
Organs
Different organs make up
An organ system
What forms a stomach
Epithelial tissues, muscular tissues and glandular tissues
Cell order
Gamete Zygote Embryo Cell Tissues Organ Organ system Multicellular organism
What is cell specialisation
a process that occurs after cell division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified so that they can perform their function efficiently and effectively.
Cells of embryos have the potential to what
Differentiate into any part of the new embryo
What cells have the potential to different into any part of the new embryo
Embryo
Unicellular
In a single celled organism, all functions necessary for life must be carried out in one cell.
Multicellular
Delegate jobs to particular groups
Adult stem cells what
Lie dormant in the body until needed
How many types of cells in human body
Over 200 diff ones
Development of multicellular organisms
- Fertilisation = 2 gametes fuse -> zygote
- Develop into new multicellular organisms
- Makes a stem cell
- Zygote divides -> embryo
- Stem cells
What organelles does eukaryotic cells contain
Cell-surface membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Golgi apparatus Nuclear pores Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nuclearplasm Golgi vesicle Lysosome Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell vacuole
