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Organ Systems II MT4 > Organ Systems II MT4 SSL Liver II > Flashcards

Organ Systems II MT4 SSL Liver II Flashcards

1
Q

Why is bile necessary?

A

Emulsifies fat for digestion and absorption

Elimination of exogenous (drugs, heavy metals) and endogenous (cholesterol, bile pigments) substances

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2
Q

Describe the sequence of fat digestion from gut to bloodstream

A

1) Pancreatic lipases break TAG into FFA + MAG
2) MAGs and FFAs form micelles that go into enterocytes and get converted back into TAG
3) TAG form chylomicrons
4) Chylomicrons –> lacteal (lymphatic system) –> bloodstream at the thoracic duct.

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3
Q

What is the optimal pH for pancreatic lipases?

A

pH 8

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4
Q

Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes _________ into ___________ and __________.

A

Phospholipids into FA and lecithin

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5
Q

Cholesterol esterase hydrolyzes _________ into ___________ and ___________.

A

Cholesterol esters into FA and cholesterol

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6
Q

What is the importance of chylomicrons?

A

They transport exogenous long chain FAs into circulation for storage in liver and adipose tissue.

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7
Q

Describe the synthesis and cycling of bile acids

A

1) Synthesized by hepatocytes (from cholesterol)
2) Conjugated in liver with taurine or glycine to form bile salts
3) Deconjugated by bacteria in intestine to form bile acids
4) Recycled back to the liver through portal vein
5) Reconjugated with taurine or glycine

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8
Q

What is the structure of a chylomicron?

A

Formed from TAG, cholesterol, phospholipids. Coated with apoproteins.

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9
Q

How can Medium Chain FAs help with weight gain if a person has trouble digesting fats?

A

Short and medium chain fatty acids are not converted to TAG. They are transported directly into the portal system.

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10
Q

What is the function of micelles? What are the components of a micelle?

A

Emulsifies fat into digestable form. Transport and facilitate absorption of glycerides and FA through mucosa.

Bile acids, phospholipids (lecithin), cholesterol, FA and MAG

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11
Q

Why is the terminal ileum important for bile production?

A

Most reabsorption of bile is active transport in the terminal ileum. There is less passive transport in the rest of the intestine.

95% of the secreted bilirubin is reabsorbed by the intestines(Terminal Ileum) and reaches the liver by portal circulation and then resecreted by the liver into the small intestine.

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12
Q

How are chylomicrons similar to micelles?

A

Both contain cholesterol, phospholipid, and lipid

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13
Q

How are chylomicrons different from micelles?

A

Chylomicrons have apoprotein coat and TAG. Micelles have bile acids, and FA and MAG

Micelles are 1 micrometer in size. Chylomicrons are

Micelles transport FA and MAG into enterocyte. Chylomicrons transport exogenous LCFA into circ.

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14
Q

What are the differences between LCFA and MCFA?

A

LCFA pass through unstirred layer. FFA and MAG converted into TAG. Transport through lymph to circ

MCFA don’t pass through unstirred layer. MCFA not converted into TAG. Transport directly into portal system of veins.

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15
Q

Once it is in the enterocyte, in what form is cholesterol processed?

A

Free form

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16
Q

What are the primary bile acids? How and where are they synthesized?

A

Cholic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid

Synthesized from cholesterol by hepatocytes in liver

17
Q

What are the secondary bile acids? How and where are they synthesized?

A

Deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid

Primary bile salts are converted in secondary bile salts by bacteria in the gut

18
Q

Where are chylomicrons made? stored?

A

Enterocytes of SI

???

19
Q

What are bilirubin pigments conjugated with? Where does this happen? What is the effect of conjugation?

A

Liver
Conjugated with glucuronic acid
Makes it soluble in water.

20
Q

What is Gilbert’s syndrome?

A

Deficiency of glucuronyl transferase. Leads to mild jaundice (increase in unconjugated bile). Decreased detoxification

21
Q

Where is VLDL produced? What is its function?

A

Produced mostly in liver

Transports TG from liver to organs

22
Q

Where is LDL produced? What is its function? What is a harmful effect of LDL?

A

Plasma

Transport of cholesterol esters

Cholesterol deposits in atherosclerosis

23
Q

Where is HDL produced? What is its function?

A

Plasma

Transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver

24
Q

What is bilirubin converted into? How does this happen?

A

Urobilinogen

By colonic bacteria

25
Q

What happens to urobilinogen?

A

Converted to stercobilin which gives feces its brown color, and/or excreted in urine (gives yellow color)

26
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Excess bilirubin due to increased hemolysis, liver damage or bile duct obstruction

27
Q

Through what structure is bilirubin secreted from hepatocyte into SI?

A

Canneliculi

28
Q

What is steatorrhea? What are its symptoms?

A

Extreme fat malabsorption

Frothy bubbly greasy yellowish green voluminous floating stool

Organ Systems II MT4 (3 decks)

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