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grade 11- biology > Organ Systems and Plants > Flashcards

Organ Systems and Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy of Animals

Why do we need oxygen?

A

We need oxygen for cellular respiration

Oxygen is required to break down Glucose.

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2
Q

Cellular Respiration:

A

C6H12O6 + 602 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

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3
Q

Respiration - why do we need it?

A

For single cellular organisms, they do not need one.
We are too large
Insects breathe through small holes that allow oxygen into their bodies.
Earthworms breathe oxygen by diffusing it through their skin

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4
Q

Human Respiratory System

Four Important Parts

A

Thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur.
Large surface area for gas exchange
Good blood supply
Breathing system which brings oxygen-rich air.

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5
Q

Breathing system: lungs

A

Lungs increase surface area where gas enters the body.
At end of branching bronchus and bronchioles are alveoli.
Alveoli are small sacs surrounded by small blood vessels→ capillaries
Allows oxygen to enter the blood system and carbon dioxide to leave.

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6
Q

Inhale/ Exhale Lungs

A

The diaphragm is a muscle located beneath the lungs which increases and decreases the volume of the pleural cavity.
Inflates and deflates the lungs.

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7
Q

What if the Pleural Cavity is punctured?

A

If the pleural cavity is punctured, air can enter it.

If there is air, the lung will not inflate.

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8
Q

Lung Capacity

Total Lung Capacity:

A

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in a single breath.

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9
Q

Lung Capacity

Tidal Volume

A

volume of air inhaled and exhaled after normal inhalation

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10
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume Lungs

A

volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation.

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11
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume Lungs

A

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.

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12
Q

Gills Lungs

A

Fine feather-like structures that allow water to flow over them while capillaries carry blood in the opposite direction
Water loses oxygen so that it has less oxygen after flowing over gills.

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13
Q

Lesson 2: Gas Exchange

A

The total pressure of gases is made up of partial pressures of each individual gas.
Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli is much higher than in blood, which means O2 wants to flow in blood.
When blood reaches the body cells, it diffuses into cells → there is a lower pressure of O2.
Opposite for CO2
Since blood absorbs oxygen, there is a higher concentration.

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14
Q

Role of Red Blood Cells

A

1.5% of oxygen is carried in the blood plasma and 98.5% of the oxygen is carried by red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a molecule found in red blood cells that bonds with oxygen carrying more.
This increases amount of oxygen in cells by 70x from 0.3 per 100mL to 200mL.

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15
Q

Control of Breathing

A

Regulated by brain stem can be overridden in certain circumstances.
Brain stem signals diaphragm and muscles.

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16
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles.
A response to foreign substances entering the lungs and reduces airflow to lungs.
Mucus gets produced.
A person with asthma would have a more severe reaction.
Inflammation can be reduced by steroidal inhalers which open airways

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17
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

Affects 1.5 million Canadians.
A chronic disease that involves the obstruction of the alveoli reducing the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed through the lungs.

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18
Q

Pneumonia

A

When an infection enters the lungs, the body responds by filling with pus and mucus to try and contain the infection.
Mucus prevents the gas exchange from happening.
If coughing is constant it can tear lungs.

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19
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that causes defective mucus production in the respiratory system.

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20
Q

Lung Transplant

A

Difficult organ to transplant (first happened in 1983).

Bodies may reject new lung.

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21
Q

Lesson 3: Digestive System

Nutrients:

A

a chemical that an organism needs to consume to survive.

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22
Q

4 main nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins and minerals

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
The main source of quick energy
Typically 6 rings, but can be smaller or linear.

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24
Q

3 Main Types Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides: 1 carbon ring
Disaccharides: 2 rings
Polysaccharides: chain of 2 or more rings

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25
Q

Proteins

A

Makes up the majority of you as a human.
Proteins are made of chains of amino acids.
Our body can always make 4 of the amino acids which are called non-essential amino acids.
Our body can make 7 depending on your food source, called conditional non-essential.
Our body cannot make 9 amino acids. These are called essential amino acids.

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26
Q

Fat & 3 Types Fat

A

Long, hydrocarbon chains.
Saturated: every carbon is bonded to hydrogens with only single bonds. Solids at room temperature. Long and flat and stick to each other.
Trans-unsaturated: there is at least one trans double bond. Fats stick very well.
Cis-unsaturated: at least one cis-double bond. Makes a ‘kink’ in the chain making them harder to stack. Liquids at room temperature.

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27
Q

Vitamins and Minerals

A

Vitamins are organic that the body requires in small amounts.
Minerals are elements ex. Calcium + Phosphorus.

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28
Q

2 Main Types Vitamins and Minerals

A

Fat soluble: not easy to eliminate from the body so high levels can become toxic. Vitamins A,E,D,K
Water soluble: rapidly are expelled from the body since they cannot be stored in fat, need to be replenished daily. Vitamins B and C

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29
Q

What Our Body Does With Nutrients

A

Metabolism: a set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
Catabolism: metabolic reactions that break down nutrients into smaller molecules.
Anabolism: metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller ones
Metabolic rate at which body converts stored energy into working energy.

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30
Q

Unit we use to measure energy.

A

kilojoules.

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31
Q

We can convert KJ to calories. One calorie =

A

is 4.18 KJ. Typical adult needs 2000-2800 Calories a day.

32
Q

Early Digestive System

A

One of first= gastrovascular cavity
A hollow compartment in the body of jellyfush or medusa.
The cavity is lined with cells that metabolic processes.
Later on, the cavity developed a second opening→ first digestive tract.

33
Q

Human Digestive Tract

A

The human gastrointestinal tract is a system of organs that work to break down food and absorb them into the body where they can be converted into energy.

34
Q

Lesson 4: Digestive System: Organs

Consists of

A 
Mouth and salivary glands
Pharynx and esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
35
Q

Mouth

A

Mouth breaks the food into digestible fragments

Saliva contains enzymes to break down food.

36
Q

Esophagus

A

When bolus is swallowed, epiglottis folds up to cover the larynx, which is an entry to the trachea.
The esophagus is composed of muscles that push the food down the esophagus to the stomach.
Muscles contract behind the bolus, preventing it from going backwards→ peristalsis

37
Q

Stomach

A

Lined by three layers of muscles that contract to help break apart the food.
Food= digested by stomach acid secreted by mucosal lining of the stomach.

38
Q

Small Intestines

A

After stomach, it enters the duodemun→ start of small intestines.
Small Intestines= duodenum, jejunum, Ileum.

39
Q

Absorbing Nutrients

Surface area for intestines increase by

A

Forms by folds that form lining of intestines.
On each fold are finger-like projections called villi.
On each vili, there are thousands of microvilli which are smaller finger-like projections.

40
Q

Large Intestines

A

Moisture of food is absorbes: dries out the bowels

41
Q

3 Main Components Large Intestines

A

Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Stored in rectum, out through anus.

42
Q

Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

A

Liver: main purpose is to produce buile
Bile= chemical that emulsifies fats-> faster breakdown by enzymes called lipases produced by liver.
Bile→ stored in gall bladder, then released slowly as intestines need bile.
Pancreas produces enzymes to break down sugar in bloodstream→ insulin.

43
Q

The Circulatory System

3 Types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

44
Q

Hearts went from two chamber hearts to 4 chambered hearts. What do 4 chambers do to increase efficiency

A

4 chambers increase the efficiency of heart by making sure that oxygenated blood and unoxygenated blood do not mix.

45
Q

Mammals: 2 Circuit

A

One circuit takes blood to and from the lungs.
Other circuit takes blood to and from the body.
2 circuit system makes sure that blood leaving the body does not go back into the body before reaching the lungs.

46
Q

Structure of the Heart

A

Right atrium collects blood from the body via superior
+ inferior vena cava.
Pumps blood into right ventricle→ pumps blood into lungs bia left + right pulomary arteries
Blood returns from lungs via pulomary veins + enters left atrium which collecgts blood and carries to left ventricle.
Left ventricle them pumps the oxygenated blood to body via aorta
Blood can’t go backwards.

47
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from heart
Means blood in them is at higher pressure than in veins
They need thicker walls to strethc

48
Q

Arteries 3 Layers

A

Endothelium: inner lining
Smooth Muscle: muscles contract to make sure the blood pressure stays high so blood doesn’t stop moving
Conncective tissue: outer lining

49
Q

Cappillaries

A

Smallest diameter blood vessels, typically width of a red blood cell so that diffusion will happen more easily.
These vessels will run everywhere through the body because they want to reach every cell.
When you get cut, it is cappillaries that are cut.

50
Q

Veins:

A

Blood vessels that return blood to heart
Veins are furthest from heart= less pressure + smaller
Blood flows against gracity in veins, they use valves to make sure blood doesn’t go back ad down beat on the heart
To help blood go up, leg muscles squeeze to raise pressure

51
Q

4 Major Components of Blood

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen + carbon dioxide around body.
responsible for bodies immune response which fights infection.White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets: small cell fragments that stack together to repair damaged blood vessels and promote cell growth.
Plasma: liquid component of cell that carries nutrients throughout the body.

52
Q

Unit 5: Lesson 1: Intro to Plants

A

Characteristics of Plants
They can’t move
Use photosyntesis→ Carbon dioxide + water → glycose + oxygen
Mechanisms to defend themselves

53
Q

Shoot System

A

above ground→ where photosynthesis + reproduction happens. Consists of stem, leaves, and flowers

54
Q

Root System:

A

below ground, responsible for anchoring the plant and collecting water + nutrients from the ground.

55
Q

3 Types of Plant Tissues

A

Dermal Tissue: outer lining of plant, cells suallly have thicker wallls → rigidity. Covered in waxy cuticle.
Vascular Tissue: Xylem (transports water) and phloem (transports nutrients + sugar).
Ground tissue: 3 types
Parenchyma: thin cell walls, performs functions to grow plant.
Collenchyma: thick cell walls, usually dead at maturity, plant rigidity.
Sclerenchyma: hard cell walls that are usually dead at maturity, makes the plant rigid.

56
Q

Meristematic Tissue

A

Organs in animals can grow at the same rate.
Plants grow at top + bottom + around stem
At growth regions, meristematic cells are found.
Like stem cells in animals.

57
Q

Xylem

A

hollow tubes that transport water up plant, composed of dead cells that grew end to end and left behind their cell wall.

58
Q

Phloem:

A

living cells that actively regulate the direction and flow rate of nutruents up and down the plant
Plhoem have pores at the top and bottom of each cell that allow these fluuids to move.

59
Q

Types of Vascular Plants

3 Groups

A

ycophytes + pteridophytes: club mosses, ferns + relatives
Gymnosperms: conifers
Angiosperms: Flowering plants

60
Q

Structure of leaves

2 Main Types in Vascular Plants

A

Monocot leaves: veins run parallel to each other.

Eudicot leaves: Branching veins throughout leaf.

61
Q

Leaf is Broken Into:

A

Palisade cells: majority of photosynthesis occurs
Spongy Mesophyll cells: loosely packaged cells. Perform photosynthesis + allow gases to come and go.
Veins: transporst water + and nutrients
Stoma: holes on bottom of leaves that allow gas to enter + leave the leaf.
Epidermis: “skin” layer on top + bottom of transparents cells.
Waxy Cuticle: prevents water loss.

62
Q

Herbaceous Stems Plants

A

Non- woody stems found on plants (not trees).
Soft and flexible
Made of all three tissue types.

63
Q

Vascular Bundles Plants

A

are groups of xylem and phloem that travel the length of stem transporting fluids.

64
Q

Ground Tissue:

A

bulk of stem → supports +stores nutrients,

65
Q

Dermal Tissue:

A

surronds stem → protection from predaators

66
Q

Woody Stems

A

Found in trees + more complex than herbaceous stems

67
Q

Woody Stems Consistes of

A

Vascular cambium= layer of meristematic cells around stem. Each year produces new xylem and phlowem on inside + phloem on outside.
Heatwood: centre of tree→ made of dead vascular tissue.
Sapwood: outer layer of still functioning vasucalr tissue.
Cork Cambium: layer of Meristematic tissue near outside of stem, produces cork.
Bark: made of cork, cambium and some ploem.

68
Q

Roots Types:

2 Main Types

A

Tap roots: one central root which grows straight down + lateral roots growing out.
Fibrous rootsL mesh of roots that grow in variety of directions.
Both types have root hairs: microscopic extensions of root epidermal layer that grows to tyr to increase surface area of root toincrease water absorption.

69
Q

Root Structure

A

Roofs have 2 layers of epidermal cells separated by a cortex.
Responsible for transporting the water + nutriends to vascualr tissue in centre of root.
Inner epidermis has a waxy Casparian strip that runs around endodermis creating a watertight seal preventing water from escaping the vascular cylinder.
Vascular bundles = in centre of the root.

70
Q

Lesson 2: Transpiration Plants

A

Fluid Transportation in Plants
Sugars are transported in phloem while nutrients dissolved in water can be found in xylem and phloem.
Soil water and any nutrients it has dissolved in it are transported up the tree by xylem.
Nutrients pass between xylem and phloem as needed.

71
Q

Capillaries

A

Water= polar molecule= + and - side to it.
Means water is ‘sticky’ and likes to adhere to surfaces.
As the diameter of container gets smaller, water will climb up walls more.
Xylem= narrow tubes→ water easily climbs stem.

72
Q

Transpiration

A

Since trees are so tall, capillary action is not enough to bring water up such long distances.
When water reaches leaves of a tree, about 90% of it evaporates out through the stomata on the bottom of leaves.
Evaporation ‘pulls’ water behind it into the leaf.

73
Q

Sugar Transport

A

In spring, sugar is transported up the stem to provide energy to grow leaves.
In summer + fall, sugar is transported away from leaves to be stored in root + stems in sink cells
Sink cells are attached to companion cells that surround phloem. They convert sugars to starch.
The reason why starch is created is that starch is insoluble in water, so it cannot go back into phloem without being converted back into sugar.

74
Q

Lesson 3: Succession + Asexual Reproduction

A

Succession: gradual change of species over time.
Can happen from volcanoes
Primary succession occurs when plants and animals start populating eveironments→ pioneer species.
Usually moss or lichen.
Trees are the last part of succession.
Once they are added, it is a climax community.
Secondary succession: the recovery of a damaged ecosystem.

75
Q

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

A

Grass reproduces asexually.

Asexually: one parent

76
Q

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Ways

A

The plant produces rhizomes: modified stems that grow off existing roots→ new plants.
Roots can grow new stems to create a new individual.

grade 11- biology (4 decks)

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