Organ Systems and Plants

Question 1

Anatomy of Animals

Why do we need oxygen?

Answer 1

We need oxygen for cellular respiration

Oxygen is required to break down Glucose.

Question 2

Cellular Respiration:

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 602 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

Question 3

Respiration - why do we need it?

Answer 3

For single cellular organisms, they do not need one.
We are too large
Insects breathe through small holes that allow oxygen into their bodies.
Earthworms breathe oxygen by diffusing it through their skin

Question 4

Human Respiratory System

Four Important Parts

Answer 4

Thin permeable respiratory membrane through which diffusion can occur.
Large surface area for gas exchange
Good blood supply
Breathing system which brings oxygen-rich air.

Question 5

Breathing system: lungs

Answer 5

Lungs increase surface area where gas enters the body.
At end of branching bronchus and bronchioles are alveoli.
Alveoli are small sacs surrounded by small blood vessels→ capillaries
Allows oxygen to enter the blood system and carbon dioxide to leave.

Question 6

Inhale/ Exhale Lungs

Answer 6

The diaphragm is a muscle located beneath the lungs which increases and decreases the volume of the pleural cavity.
Inflates and deflates the lungs.

Question 7

What if the Pleural Cavity is punctured?

Answer 7

If the pleural cavity is punctured, air can enter it.

If there is air, the lung will not inflate.

Question 8

Lung Capacity

Total Lung Capacity:

Answer 8

maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in a single breath.

Question 9

Lung Capacity

Tidal Volume

Answer 9

volume of air inhaled and exhaled after normal inhalation

Question 10

Inspiratory Reserve Volume Lungs

Answer 10

volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal inhalation.

Question 11

Expiratory Reserve Volume Lungs

Answer 11

volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation.

Question 12

Gills Lungs

Answer 12

Fine feather-like structures that allow water to flow over them while capillaries carry blood in the opposite direction
Water loses oxygen so that it has less oxygen after flowing over gills.

Question 13

Lesson 2: Gas Exchange

Answer 13

The total pressure of gases is made up of partial pressures of each individual gas.
Partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli is much higher than in blood, which means O2 wants to flow in blood.
When blood reaches the body cells, it diffuses into cells → there is a lower pressure of O2.
Opposite for CO2
Since blood absorbs oxygen, there is a higher concentration.

Question 14

Role of Red Blood Cells

Answer 14

1.5% of oxygen is carried in the blood plasma and 98.5% of the oxygen is carried by red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a molecule found in red blood cells that bonds with oxygen carrying more.
This increases amount of oxygen in cells by 70x from 0.3 per 100mL to 200mL.

Question 15

Control of Breathing

Answer 15

Regulated by brain stem can be overridden in certain circumstances.
Brain stem signals diaphragm and muscles.

Question 16

Asthma

Answer 16

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles.
A response to foreign substances entering the lungs and reduces airflow to lungs.
Mucus gets produced.
A person with asthma would have a more severe reaction.
Inflammation can be reduced by steroidal inhalers which open airways

Question 17

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Answer 17

Affects 1.5 million Canadians.
A chronic disease that involves the obstruction of the alveoli reducing the amount of oxygen that can be absorbed through the lungs.

Question 18

Pneumonia

Answer 18

When an infection enters the lungs, the body responds by filling with pus and mucus to try and contain the infection.
Mucus prevents the gas exchange from happening.
If coughing is constant it can tear lungs.

Question 19

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 19

A genetic disorder that causes defective mucus production in the respiratory system.

Question 20

Lung Transplant

Answer 20

Difficult organ to transplant (first happened in 1983).

Bodies may reject new lung.

Question 21

Lesson 3: Digestive System

Nutrients:

Answer 21

a chemical that an organism needs to consume to survive.

Question 22

4 main nutrients

Answer 22

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins and minerals

Question 23

Carbohydrates

Answer 23

Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
The main source of quick energy
Typically 6 rings, but can be smaller or linear.

Question 24

3 Main Types Carbohydrates

Answer 24

Monosaccharides: 1 carbon ring
Disaccharides: 2 rings
Polysaccharides: chain of 2 or more rings

Question 25

Proteins

Answer 25

Makes up the majority of you as a human.
Proteins are made of chains of amino acids.
Our body can always make 4 of the amino acids which are called non-essential amino acids.
Our body can make 7 depending on your food source, called conditional non-essential.
Our body cannot make 9 amino acids. These are called essential amino acids.

Question 26

Fat & 3 Types Fat

Answer 26

Long, hydrocarbon chains.
Saturated: every carbon is bonded to hydrogens with only single bonds. Solids at room temperature. Long and flat and stick to each other.
Trans-unsaturated: there is at least one trans double bond. Fats stick very well.
Cis-unsaturated: at least one cis-double bond. Makes a ‘kink’ in the chain making them harder to stack. Liquids at room temperature.

Question 27

Vitamins and Minerals

Answer 27

Vitamins are organic that the body requires in small amounts.
Minerals are elements ex. Calcium + Phosphorus.

Question 28

2 Main Types Vitamins and Minerals

Answer 28

Fat soluble: not easy to eliminate from the body so high levels can become toxic. Vitamins A,E,D,K
Water soluble: rapidly are expelled from the body since they cannot be stored in fat, need to be replenished daily. Vitamins B and C

Question 29

What Our Body Does With Nutrients

Answer 29

Metabolism: a set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.
Catabolism: metabolic reactions that break down nutrients into smaller molecules.
Anabolism: metabolic reactions that use energy to produce larger molecules from smaller ones
Metabolic rate at which body converts stored energy into working energy.

Question 30

Unit we use to measure energy.

Answer 30

kilojoules.

Question 31

We can convert KJ to calories. One calorie =

Answer 31

is 4.18 KJ. Typical adult needs 2000-2800 Calories a day.

Question 32

Early Digestive System

Answer 32

One of first= gastrovascular cavity
A hollow compartment in the body of jellyfush or medusa.
The cavity is lined with cells that metabolic processes.
Later on, the cavity developed a second opening→ first digestive tract.

Question 33

Human Digestive Tract

Answer 33

The human gastrointestinal tract is a system of organs that work to break down food and absorb them into the body where they can be converted into energy.

Question 34

Lesson 4: Digestive System: Organs

Consists of

Answer 34

Mouth and salivary glands
Pharynx and esophagus
Stomach
Small and large intestines
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas

Question 35

Mouth

Answer 35

Mouth breaks the food into digestible fragments

Saliva contains enzymes to break down food.

Question 36

Esophagus

Answer 36

When bolus is swallowed, epiglottis folds up to cover the larynx, which is an entry to the trachea.
The esophagus is composed of muscles that push the food down the esophagus to the stomach.
Muscles contract behind the bolus, preventing it from going backwards→ peristalsis

Question 37

Stomach

Answer 37

Lined by three layers of muscles that contract to help break apart the food.
Food= digested by stomach acid secreted by mucosal lining of the stomach.

Question 38

Small Intestines

Answer 38

After stomach, it enters the duodemun→ start of small intestines.
Small Intestines= duodenum, jejunum, Ileum.

Question 39

Absorbing Nutrients

Surface area for intestines increase by

Answer 39

Forms by folds that form lining of intestines.
On each fold are finger-like projections called villi.
On each vili, there are thousands of microvilli which are smaller finger-like projections.

Question 40

Large Intestines

Answer 40

Moisture of food is absorbes: dries out the bowels

Question 41

3 Main Components Large Intestines

Answer 41

Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Stored in rectum, out through anus.

Question 42

Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas

Answer 42

Liver: main purpose is to produce buile
Bile= chemical that emulsifies fats-> faster breakdown by enzymes called lipases produced by liver.
Bile→ stored in gall bladder, then released slowly as intestines need bile.
Pancreas produces enzymes to break down sugar in bloodstream→ insulin.

Question 43

The Circulatory System

3 Types of blood vessels

Answer 43

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

Question 44

Hearts went from two chamber hearts to 4 chambered hearts. What do 4 chambers do to increase efficiency

Answer 44

4 chambers increase the efficiency of heart by making sure that oxygenated blood and unoxygenated blood do not mix.

Question 45

Mammals: 2 Circuit

Answer 45

One circuit takes blood to and from the lungs.
Other circuit takes blood to and from the body.
2 circuit system makes sure that blood leaving the body does not go back into the body before reaching the lungs.

Question 46

Structure of the Heart

Answer 46

Right atrium collects blood from the body via superior
+ inferior vena cava.
Pumps blood into right ventricle→ pumps blood into lungs bia left + right pulomary arteries
Blood returns from lungs via pulomary veins + enters left atrium which collecgts blood and carries to left ventricle.
Left ventricle them pumps the oxygenated blood to body via aorta
Blood can’t go backwards.

Question 47

Arteries

Answer 47

Carry blood from heart
Means blood in them is at higher pressure than in veins
They need thicker walls to strethc

Question 48

Arteries 3 Layers

Answer 48

Endothelium: inner lining
Smooth Muscle: muscles contract to make sure the blood pressure stays high so blood doesn’t stop moving
Conncective tissue: outer lining

Question 49

Cappillaries

Answer 49

Smallest diameter blood vessels, typically width of a red blood cell so that diffusion will happen more easily.
These vessels will run everywhere through the body because they want to reach every cell.
When you get cut, it is cappillaries that are cut.

Question 50

Veins:

Answer 50

Blood vessels that return blood to heart
Veins are furthest from heart= less pressure + smaller
Blood flows against gracity in veins, they use valves to make sure blood doesn’t go back ad down beat on the heart
To help blood go up, leg muscles squeeze to raise pressure

Question 51

4 Major Components of Blood

Answer 51

Red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen + carbon dioxide around body.
responsible for bodies immune response which fights infection.White blood cells (leukocytes)
Platelets: small cell fragments that stack together to repair damaged blood vessels and promote cell growth.
Plasma: liquid component of cell that carries nutrients throughout the body.

Question 52

Unit 5: Lesson 1: Intro to Plants

Answer 52

Characteristics of Plants
They can’t move
Use photosyntesis→ Carbon dioxide + water → glycose + oxygen
Mechanisms to defend themselves

Question 53

Shoot System

Answer 53

above ground→ where photosynthesis + reproduction happens. Consists of stem, leaves, and flowers

Question 54

Root System:

Answer 54

below ground, responsible for anchoring the plant and collecting water + nutrients from the ground.

Question 55

3 Types of Plant Tissues

Answer 55

Dermal Tissue: outer lining of plant, cells suallly have thicker wallls → rigidity. Covered in waxy cuticle.
Vascular Tissue: Xylem (transports water) and phloem (transports nutrients + sugar).
Ground tissue: 3 types
Parenchyma: thin cell walls, performs functions to grow plant.
Collenchyma: thick cell walls, usually dead at maturity, plant rigidity.
Sclerenchyma: hard cell walls that are usually dead at maturity, makes the plant rigid.

Question 56

Meristematic Tissue

Answer 56

Organs in animals can grow at the same rate.
Plants grow at top + bottom + around stem
At growth regions, meristematic cells are found.
Like stem cells in animals.

Question 57

Xylem

Answer 57

hollow tubes that transport water up plant, composed of dead cells that grew end to end and left behind their cell wall.

Question 58

Phloem:

Answer 58

living cells that actively regulate the direction and flow rate of nutruents up and down the plant
Plhoem have pores at the top and bottom of each cell that allow these fluuids to move.

Question 59

Types of Vascular Plants

3 Groups

Answer 59

ycophytes + pteridophytes: club mosses, ferns + relatives
Gymnosperms: conifers
Angiosperms: Flowering plants

Question 60

Structure of leaves

2 Main Types in Vascular Plants

Answer 60

Monocot leaves: veins run parallel to each other.

Eudicot leaves: Branching veins throughout leaf.

Question 61

Leaf is Broken Into:

Answer 61

Palisade cells: majority of photosynthesis occurs
Spongy Mesophyll cells: loosely packaged cells. Perform photosynthesis + allow gases to come and go.
Veins: transporst water + and nutrients
Stoma: holes on bottom of leaves that allow gas to enter + leave the leaf.
Epidermis: “skin” layer on top + bottom of transparents cells.
Waxy Cuticle: prevents water loss.

Question 62

Herbaceous Stems Plants

Answer 62

Non- woody stems found on plants (not trees).
Soft and flexible
Made of all three tissue types.

Question 63

Vascular Bundles Plants

Answer 63

are groups of xylem and phloem that travel the length of stem transporting fluids.

Question 64

Ground Tissue:

Answer 64

bulk of stem → supports +stores nutrients,

Question 65

Dermal Tissue:

Answer 65

surronds stem → protection from predaators

Question 66

Woody Stems

Answer 66

Found in trees + more complex than herbaceous stems

Question 67

Woody Stems Consistes of

Answer 67

Vascular cambium= layer of meristematic cells around stem. Each year produces new xylem and phlowem on inside + phloem on outside.
Heatwood: centre of tree→ made of dead vascular tissue.
Sapwood: outer layer of still functioning vasucalr tissue.
Cork Cambium: layer of Meristematic tissue near outside of stem, produces cork.
Bark: made of cork, cambium and some ploem.

Question 68

Roots Types:

2 Main Types

Answer 68

Tap roots: one central root which grows straight down + lateral roots growing out.
Fibrous rootsL mesh of roots that grow in variety of directions.
Both types have root hairs: microscopic extensions of root epidermal layer that grows to tyr to increase surface area of root toincrease water absorption.

Question 69

Root Structure

Answer 69

Roofs have 2 layers of epidermal cells separated by a cortex.
Responsible for transporting the water + nutriends to vascualr tissue in centre of root.
Inner epidermis has a waxy Casparian strip that runs around endodermis creating a watertight seal preventing water from escaping the vascular cylinder.
Vascular bundles = in centre of the root.

Question 70

Lesson 2: Transpiration Plants

Answer 70

Fluid Transportation in Plants
Sugars are transported in phloem while nutrients dissolved in water can be found in xylem and phloem.
Soil water and any nutrients it has dissolved in it are transported up the tree by xylem.
Nutrients pass between xylem and phloem as needed.

Question 71

Capillaries

Answer 71

Water= polar molecule= + and - side to it.
Means water is ‘sticky’ and likes to adhere to surfaces.
As the diameter of container gets smaller, water will climb up walls more.
Xylem= narrow tubes→ water easily climbs stem.

Question 72

Transpiration

Answer 72

Since trees are so tall, capillary action is not enough to bring water up such long distances.
When water reaches leaves of a tree, about 90% of it evaporates out through the stomata on the bottom of leaves.
Evaporation ‘pulls’ water behind it into the leaf.

Question 73

Sugar Transport

Answer 73

In spring, sugar is transported up the stem to provide energy to grow leaves.
In summer + fall, sugar is transported away from leaves to be stored in root + stems in sink cells
Sink cells are attached to companion cells that surround phloem. They convert sugars to starch.
The reason why starch is created is that starch is insoluble in water, so it cannot go back into phloem without being converted back into sugar.

Question 74

Lesson 3: Succession + Asexual Reproduction

Answer 74

Succession: gradual change of species over time.
Can happen from volcanoes
Primary succession occurs when plants and animals start populating eveironments→ pioneer species.
Usually moss or lichen.
Trees are the last part of succession.
Once they are added, it is a climax community.
Secondary succession: the recovery of a damaged ecosystem.

Question 75

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Answer 75

Grass reproduces asexually.

Asexually: one parent

Question 76

Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Ways

Answer 76

The plant produces rhizomes: modified stems that grow off existing roots→ new plants.
Roots can grow new stems to create a new individual.