organ system

Question 1

definition of organ system

Answer 1

is when more than one tissue types (at least 2 tissue types) comes together to form a structure that has a specific function in the body

Question 2

what are the 4 tissue types

Answer 2

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Muscular tissue
3) Connective tissue
4) Nervous tissue

Question 3

purpose of the stomach

Answer 3

purpose to digest & churn proteins

Question 4

Nervous tissue

Answer 4

• Internal lining of the stomach –> contains these epithelial cells - which includes the exocrine glands, as well as lining the stomach, they also secrete the digestive juices e.g. HCL (starts the digestion process of the proteins)
• Stomach wall –> mainly muscle – mechanically churns the food in the stomach (the reason the stomach is due smooth muscle – this is able to contract and relax to allow the stomach to compress and churn food)
• Stomach wall –> connective tissue – the connective cells bind the epithelial cells to the smooth muscle cells, which supports the muscle structure as it churns
• Nervous tissue –> these muscular contractions are stimulated by the nervous tissue. The nerve fibres signals muscle cells to change contraction rate or to stimulate more digestive juice secretion

Question 5

what are the 10 systems ?

Answer 5

1) Integumentary system – external body covering
2) Skeletal system – supports & protects
3) Muscular system – movement & heat production
4) Nervous system – fast acting control system
5) Endocrine system – regulation of homeostasis
6) Cardiovascular system – moves things around the body
7) Lymphatic system (includes immune system) – return excess fluid to cardiovascular system
8) Respiratory system – gaseous system
9) Digestive system – extracts nutrients
10) Urinary system – waste disposal & water regulation
11) Reproductive system – making & nurturing babies

Question 6

what are the 8 functions of life?

Answer 6

1) maintaining boundaries

2) movement

3) responsiveness

4) digestion

5) metabolism

6) excretion

7) reproduction

8) growth

Question 7

organs system - interdependence

Answer 7

• the organs systems do NOT work independently they rely on each other –> there’re interdependent
• they work in unison to:
  1) all cells are fed & cleaned up
  2) all cells are protected from dehydration & attack
  3) all cells can move away from danger
  4) our genetic material is transferred to a new generation

Question 8

role of the integumentary system

Answer 8

1) protects tissues from injury - we have a lot of fat deposits in the integumentary system to act as a mechanical shock

2) used as a thermal insulation - helps maintains the body temperature

3) stops us dehydrating - the skin plays an important role in synthesising vitamin D within the skin from sunlight

Question 9

what is the skeletal tissue composed of ?

Answer 9

composed of cartilage e.g. sternum & the knee contains a lot of cartilage

Question 10

skeletal system

Answer 10

• skeletal system but light –> if our skeleton was heavy and dense we wouldn’t be able to walk around!!
• Made of bone which is mainly made of connective tissue, which is reinforced with salts: calcium phosphate is scattered amongst the connective tissue within in the bones to add strength. Skeletal tissue is also composed of cartilage e.g. sternum and knee lots of cartilage. The makeup provides the framework for our whole body movement. It gives an anchoring point for our muscles to be able to move parts of our body and gives us structure – so that we don’t just flop around

Question 11

where can smooth muscle be found?

Answer 11

• in the bladder –> to allow excretion
• in the glands of the body –> to squeeze secretions out of the exocrine/endocrine glands

Question 12

role of cardiac muscle

Answer 12

heart - to pump blood around the body

Question 13

role of skeletal muscle

Answer 13

1) generates a lot of heat - allows us to shiver, allows us to contract & relax rapidly - to increase metabolise within those cells

2) by-product of metabolism : energy escaping the system - released in the form of heat (no longer in chemical bonds), hence why we warm up when we shiver. as more chemical reactions, energy lost through heat - why we get warmer

Question 14

function of skeletal muscle

Answer 14

• movement
• maintain posture
• stabilise joints
• generate heat

Question 15

function of the nervous system

Answer 15

functions:
1) sensory input
2) integration
3) motor output

nervous system is the master controlling and communicating system of the body. it allows us to respond to the environment, allows us to sense what’s going on around us & dictate what’s going on internally. so that the info. can be passed onto the endocrine system –> to increase or decrease hormone secretion

Question 16

what 2 parts is the nervous system comprised of?

Answer 16

1) cns : Brain & spinal cord
2) pns: all the peripheral nerves (linked to CNS to the rest of the body) & ganglia

Question 17

what is the pns comprised of?

Answer 17

• the cranial nerves
• spinal nerves
• nerves can sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent)

Question 18

nervous system

Answer 18

the nervous system works very quickly – it has a millisecond response time – very fast communication system

Question 19

which is faster endocrine or nervous system

Answer 19

nervous - very rapid (milliseconds)

endocrine - can be slow (seconds, day, months or even years)

Question 20

what is the nature of the message of the nervous system ?

Answer 20

through electrical impulses, travelling along nerves

Question 21

what is the nature of the message of the endocrine system ?

Answer 21

chemical messengers, travelling in the bloodstream

Question 22

area of response of the nervous system

Answer 22

often confined to one area of the body - response is localised

Question 23

area of response of the endocrine system

Answer 23

usually noticed in many organs - response is widespread

Question 24

example of a processes controlled by the nervous system

Answer 24

reflexes in blinking; movement of the limbs

Question 25

example of a processes controlled by the endocrine system

Answer 25

growth ; development of repoductive system

Question 26

2 components of the cardiovascular system

Answer 26

heart - pumps blood around the body
blood vessels - carries the blood to as much of the body possible

Question 27

function of Cardiovascular system

Answer 27

• the blood vessels carries gases (o2, co2) all the waste, nutrients, hormones (chemical messengers)
• transports immune system cells (so it links straight to the lymphatic system)

Question 28

2 main roles of the lymphatic system

Answer 28

1) soaks up any excess fluid, acts as a waste reservoir to reduce oedema (built-up fluid in the body which causes the affected tissue to become swollen)

2) house lymphocytes involved in immunity

Question 29

structure & function of lymphatic system

Answer 29

1) lymphatic vessels – flow excess fluid from tissues towards heart to return to blood
2) lymph nodes – filter lymph and house lymphocytes
3) lymph fluid – drained from extracellular space
4) spleen – site of lymphocyte proliferation. Destroys RBs and blood borne pathogens
5) thymus – maturation site for T lymphocytes

Question 30

role of the respiratory system

Answer 30

allows gas exchange o2 + co2

Question 31

role of the digestive system

Answer 31

• Digests the food, allows you to extract all the nutrients you need and anything indigestible is excreted
• It is the breaking down of ingested food into ‘useable’ nutrient molecules that can enter the cardiovascular or lymphatic systems. Then it gets rid of the indigestible remains (poo)

Question 32

role of urinary system

Answer 32

• Urinary system is water regulation and nitrogenous waste disposal

Question 33

what is the urinary system made up of?

Answer 33

kidney, uretha, bladder

Question 34

reproductive system

Answer 34

• main driving force for all other organ systems
• The biological meaning of life is to pass on your genetic material to the next generation. This is what evolution is pushing towards, hence why we can survive different environments and have evolved
• In humans, the reproductive system lies dormant (doesn’t do much) until we hit puberty. Once puberty is reaches, the reproductive system kicks in, the hormones that are secreted by your reproductive system then play and dictate a lot of actions in how other organ systems in the body function

Question 35

Homeostasis definition

Answer 35

A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance, in which internal conditions vary but always within set limits of a functioning body

Question 36

cardiovascular system

Answer 36

Cardiovascular system is an organ system, we have a network of blood vessels (including capillaries, arteries, veins, arterioles, ventricles). These are form the tubing system, where blood can pass.

Question 37

what parts of the body are controlled by the Integumentary system?

Answer 37

sweat glands, oil glands, hair & nails

Question 38

what tissue types does the stomach contain?

Answer 38

• epithelial
• muscular
• nervous
• connective