Ordinario Flashcards
What is the primary factor contributing to insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes?
Chronic inflammatory state
What are some risk factors for developing osteoarthritis?
Overweight or obesity, joint injuries, and overuse of joints
What is the main mechanism of action of aspirin?
Irreversible inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2
At what dose is aspirin used for its antiplatelet action?
Low doses lower than 300 mg/day
Older adults have a more vascular and cellular pulp compared to younger individuals
V o F
Falso
Why is the use of local anesthetics without vasoconstrictors contraindicated in patients who suffered a myocardial infarction?
They can increase the risk of toxicity
What alterationin in the tongue is commonly observed in older adults?
Loss of filifrom papillae
Which factor does NOT adversely affect periodontal health in older adults?
Enhanced immunological response
At what platelet count is it contraindicated to perform surgical procedures?
Less than 50,000 platelets/mm3 of blood
Non- selective COX inhibitors inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 reversibly
V o F
Verdadero
What is the recommended range for glycemic control in diabetic patients undergoing elective dental treatment?
7-9%
What is the recommended frequency for checking HbA1c levels in patients with diabetes?
Every three months
What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Inhalation of toxic substances
Opioids act mainly by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenanse and lipoxygenase
V o F
Falso
At what international Normalized Ratio (INR) range can periodontal and buccal surgery be safely performed in patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy?
INR below 2.0
The presence of secondary cementum at the apex of a tooth can aid in age estimulation in forensic dentistry
V o F
Falso
How do age- related changes in the pulp affect dental treatment?
Difficulty in penetration with files
How is the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) confirmed?
Pulmonary function test (spirometry)
Which of the following is a clinical feature of chronic bronchitis?
Productive cough for more than three months per year
It is recommended to perform dental treatment on patients with HbA1c levels above 10% in a dental office setting to minimize the risk of complications
V o F
Falso
What is the potential consequence of mucus blockages in the airways of individuals with chronic bronchitis?
Development of lung infections
What is the main mechanism of action of NSAIDs?
Decreasing prostaglandin production
Corticosteroids are commonly administered in dentistry to treat severe acute pain after surgery
V o F
Falso
Which enzyme converts cell membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid during inflammation?
Phospholipase A2
Cementum formation ceases completely with age, leading to increased susceptibility to root caries
V o F
Falso
What is the primary role of insulin in the body?
Facilitating glucose uptake by cells
What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance
What characterizes cancer?
Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Angular cheilits is favored by which of the following conditions?
Vertical height loss, which leads to peribuccal folds
What is the primary reason for contraindicating dental treatment in patients with HbA1c levels above 10%?
Elevated risk of macro and microvascular complications
What is the characteristic duration of chest pain in angina pectoris?
Less than 20 minutes
Oral hypoglycemic medications are always sufficient to control blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
V o F
Falso
Obesity can contributes to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes due to chronic inflammation from adipose tissue
V o F
Verdadero
Which medication for angina pectoris acts immediately to produce vasodilation?
Isosorbide dinitrate (sublingual)
Which method is NOT commonly used in diagnosing osteoarthritis?
Using MRI scans exclusively
Which dental tissue becomes less permeable and more susceptible to fracture with age?
Enamel
What is a characteristic in enamel associated with aging?
Opaqueness and darkening
What is the primary mechanism of action of bisphosohonates?
Inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption
What is the main age-related change observed in dentin?
Formation of secondary dentin
What is the main mechanism of action of paracetamol?
Reversible inhibition of COX in the central nervous system
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of aging on the oral cavity?
Increased salivary flow
Which of the following best describes emphysema?
Destruction and widening of the pulmonary alveoli
Which dental tissue becomes less permeable and more susceptible to fracture with age?
Enamel
What is arthritis?
A term referring to joint pain or joint disease
Acetaminophen is considered safe for the treatment of fever and pain in children because it does not cause Reye’s syndrome
V o F
Verdadero
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of structural changes in oral mucosa with aging?
Increased vascularity
Which term describes the deposit of lipids under the intimas layer of arteries in coronary heart disease?
Atheroma
What age-related change may result in disc displacement in the temporomandibular joint?
Remodeling of the mandible condyle
What is the main gastrointestinal side effect of non-selective COX inhibitors?
Gastritis
What is the primary purpose of long-acting medications for angina pectoris?
Prolonged coronary vasodilation
What are some characteristics of aging?
Heterogeneity and singularity
What is the primary mechanism through which a low-sugar diet slows down aging?
By reducing the formation of crosslinks
Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by rapid population growth due to low death rates and high birth rates?
Stage 2 (early expanding)
How does the shape of a population pyramid changes as a population ages?
It becomes narrower at the top
What role does the immune system play in clearing senescent cells?
It eliminates senescent cells
With respect to AGING, select the WRONG statement:
The changes in the living being, through the years, produce an increase in the adaptability capacity of the organism in relation to the environment
Primary hypertension primarily stems from various etiologies, typically associated with its development?
Endocrine disease
How does protein homeostasis contribute to cellular function?
By promoting protein breakdown and recycling
What term refers to the portion of our lives during which we are free of disease?
Health expectancy
What is the consequence of protein accumulation inside cells?
Cellular dysfunction
What is the Hayflick Limit?
A limit on cellular replication
What does the term “demographic transition” refer to?
The process of moving from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time
What does a stationary population pyramid indicate?
Stable birth and death rates
What are free radicals, and how do they contribute to mitochondrial damage?
Harmful substances produced during mitochondrial function
Force exerted against the arterial wall by blood through the arteries
Blood pressure
What is cellular senescence?
A decline in cellular activity
What additional information can be extrapolated from a population pyramid?
All of the above
In which type of country is an expansive population pyramid typically found?
Developing countries with high birth and death rates
What led to the implementation of the General Population Law in Mexico in 1974?
High fertility rates
What is the primary goal of addressing aging in the medical community?
To optimize health expectancy
What is the primary indicator of a country transitioning to Stage 4 of the Demographic Transtition Model?
Decreasing death rates
How does consuming foods high in sugars contribute to aging?
It accelerates the formation of crosslinks
What are crosslinks in the context of aging?
Connections between proteins in tissues
What is inflammaging?
A state of continuous inflammation in aging-related disease
Why is cellular senescence considered a protective mechanism?
It prevents the development of cancer
What process is responsible for clearing damaged mitochondria from cells?
Mitopahgy
What are the consequences of not clearing senescent cells?
Incensed inflammation
Which pharmacological agent, commonly prescribed for arterial hypertension, is associated with a notable side effect of gingival enlargement?
Calcium channel blockers
Which aging disease is associated with protein accumulation in the brain?
Alzheimer disease
Which stage of the Demgraphic transition model is characterized by high birth and death rate, resulting in minimal population growth?
Stage 1 (high stationary)
Which type of disease has shown a growing impact with increasing longevity?
Chronic and noncommunicable disease
What is a population pyramid?
A graphical representation of the age and sex distributed of a population
How does protein accumulation affect blood vessels?
It makes them more fragile
What does the width of the base of an expansive population pyramid indicate?
High birth rates
What happens when telomeres become critically short?
They cannot protect DNA anymore, leading to damage
Which of the following symptoms may indicate advanced arterial hypertension?
All of the above
What is the main determinant of population aging?
Decreasing fertility rates
What is the primary function of stem cells in the body?
Tissue repair and regeneration
What happens when mitochondria evade destruction through mitophagy?
They accumulate in cells
What type of country is typically associated with a constrictive population pyramid?
Developed countries with low birth and death rates
Which demographic trend is associated with a transition from an expansive to a constrictive population pyramid?
Decreasing birth rates and increasing life expectancy
Stem cell exhaustion contributes to an increase in regenerative capacity over time
V o F
Falso
What are telomeres?
Protective regions at the ends of chromosomes
What is the primary goal of senolytics?
To target and remove senescent cells
How is aging defined?
A progressive physiological process occurring from conception onwards
What is a significant factor contributing to the decrease in fertility rates?
Increased access to effective birth control
What has led to the shift in the causes of death from infectious diseases to chronic conditions?
Improvements in medical technologies
How does a scarcity of nutrients impact cellular function?
It boosts cellular repair and maintance mechanisms
