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Geriatria > Ordinario > Flashcards

Ordinario Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary factor contributing to insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes?

A

Chronic inflammatory state

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2
Q

What are some risk factors for developing osteoarthritis?

A

Overweight or obesity, joint injuries, and overuse of joints

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3
Q

What is the main mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

Irreversible inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2

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4
Q

At what dose is aspirin used for its antiplatelet action?

A

Low doses lower than 300 mg/day

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5
Q

Older adults have a more vascular and cellular pulp compared to younger individuals
V o F

A

Falso

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6
Q

Why is the use of local anesthetics without vasoconstrictors contraindicated in patients who suffered a myocardial infarction?

A

They can increase the risk of toxicity

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7
Q

What alterationin in the tongue is commonly observed in older adults?

A

Loss of filifrom papillae

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8
Q

Which factor does NOT adversely affect periodontal health in older adults?

A

Enhanced immunological response

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9
Q

At what platelet count is it contraindicated to perform surgical procedures?

A

Less than 50,000 platelets/mm3 of blood

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10
Q

Non- selective COX inhibitors inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 reversibly
V o F

A

Verdadero

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11
Q

What is the recommended range for glycemic control in diabetic patients undergoing elective dental treatment?

A

7-9%

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12
Q

What is the recommended frequency for checking HbA1c levels in patients with diabetes?

A

Every three months

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13
Q

What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Inhalation of toxic substances

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14
Q

Opioids act mainly by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenanse and lipoxygenase
V o F

A

Falso

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15
Q

At what international Normalized Ratio (INR) range can periodontal and buccal surgery be safely performed in patients receiving oral anticoagulant therapy?

A

INR below 2.0

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16
Q

The presence of secondary cementum at the apex of a tooth can aid in age estimulation in forensic dentistry
V o F

A

Falso

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17
Q

How do age- related changes in the pulp affect dental treatment?

A

Difficulty in penetration with files

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18
Q

How is the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) confirmed?

A

Pulmonary function test (spirometry)

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19
Q

Which of the following is a clinical feature of chronic bronchitis?

A

Productive cough for more than three months per year

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20
Q

It is recommended to perform dental treatment on patients with HbA1c levels above 10% in a dental office setting to minimize the risk of complications
V o F

A

Falso

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21
Q

What is the potential consequence of mucus blockages in the airways of individuals with chronic bronchitis?

A

Development of lung infections

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22
Q

What is the main mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

A

Decreasing prostaglandin production

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23
Q

Corticosteroids are commonly administered in dentistry to treat severe acute pain after surgery
V o F

A

Falso

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24
Q

Which enzyme converts cell membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid during inflammation?

A

Phospholipase A2

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25
Q

Cementum formation ceases completely with age, leading to increased susceptibility to root caries
V o F

A

Falso

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26
Q

What is the primary role of insulin in the body?

A

Facilitating glucose uptake by cells

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27
Q

What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes?

A

Insulin resistance

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28
Q

What characterizes cancer?

A

Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

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29
Q

Angular cheilits is favored by which of the following conditions?

A

Vertical height loss, which leads to peribuccal folds

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30
Q

What is the primary reason for contraindicating dental treatment in patients with HbA1c levels above 10%?

A

Elevated risk of macro and microvascular complications

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31
Q

What is the characteristic duration of chest pain in angina pectoris?

A

Less than 20 minutes

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32
Q

Oral hypoglycemic medications are always sufficient to control blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
V o F

A

Falso

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33
Q

Obesity can contributes to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes due to chronic inflammation from adipose tissue
V o F

A

Verdadero

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34
Q

Which medication for angina pectoris acts immediately to produce vasodilation?

A

Isosorbide dinitrate (sublingual)

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35
Q

Which method is NOT commonly used in diagnosing osteoarthritis?

A

Using MRI scans exclusively

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36
Q

Which dental tissue becomes less permeable and more susceptible to fracture with age?

A

Enamel

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37
Q

What is a characteristic in enamel associated with aging?

A

Opaqueness and darkening

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38
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of bisphosohonates?

A

Inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption

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39
Q

What is the main age-related change observed in dentin?

A

Formation of secondary dentin

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40
Q

What is the main mechanism of action of paracetamol?

A

Reversible inhibition of COX in the central nervous system

41
Q

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of aging on the oral cavity?

A

Increased salivary flow

42
Q

Which of the following best describes emphysema?

A

Destruction and widening of the pulmonary alveoli

43
Q

Which dental tissue becomes less permeable and more susceptible to fracture with age?

A

Enamel

44
Q

What is arthritis?

A

A term referring to joint pain or joint disease

45
Q

Acetaminophen is considered safe for the treatment of fever and pain in children because it does not cause Reye’s syndrome
V o F

A

Verdadero

46
Q

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of structural changes in oral mucosa with aging?

A

Increased vascularity

47
Q

Which term describes the deposit of lipids under the intimas layer of arteries in coronary heart disease?

A

Atheroma

48
Q

What age-related change may result in disc displacement in the temporomandibular joint?

A

Remodeling of the mandible condyle

49
Q

What is the main gastrointestinal side effect of non-selective COX inhibitors?

A

Gastritis

50
Q

What is the primary purpose of long-acting medications for angina pectoris?

A

Prolonged coronary vasodilation

51
Q

What are some characteristics of aging?

A

Heterogeneity and singularity

52
Q

What is the primary mechanism through which a low-sugar diet slows down aging?

A

By reducing the formation of crosslinks

53
Q

Which stage of the Demographic Transition Model is characterized by rapid population growth due to low death rates and high birth rates?

A

Stage 2 (early expanding)

54
Q

How does the shape of a population pyramid changes as a population ages?

A

It becomes narrower at the top

55
Q

What role does the immune system play in clearing senescent cells?

A

It eliminates senescent cells

56
Q

With respect to AGING, select the WRONG statement:

A

The changes in the living being, through the years, produce an increase in the adaptability capacity of the organism in relation to the environment

57
Q

Primary hypertension primarily stems from various etiologies, typically associated with its development?

A

Endocrine disease

58
Q

How does protein homeostasis contribute to cellular function?

A

By promoting protein breakdown and recycling

59
Q

What term refers to the portion of our lives during which we are free of disease?

A

Health expectancy

60
Q

What is the consequence of protein accumulation inside cells?

A

Cellular dysfunction

61
Q

What is the Hayflick Limit?

A

A limit on cellular replication

62
Q

What does the term “demographic transition” refer to?

A

The process of moving from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates over time

63
Q

What does a stationary population pyramid indicate?

A

Stable birth and death rates

64
Q

What are free radicals, and how do they contribute to mitochondrial damage?

A

Harmful substances produced during mitochondrial function

65
Q

Force exerted against the arterial wall by blood through the arteries

A

Blood pressure

66
Q

What is cellular senescence?

A

A decline in cellular activity

67
Q

What additional information can be extrapolated from a population pyramid?

A

All of the above

68
Q

In which type of country is an expansive population pyramid typically found?

A

Developing countries with high birth and death rates

69
Q

What led to the implementation of the General Population Law in Mexico in 1974?

A

High fertility rates

70
Q

What is the primary goal of addressing aging in the medical community?

A

To optimize health expectancy

71
Q

What is the primary indicator of a country transitioning to Stage 4 of the Demographic Transtition Model?

A

Decreasing death rates

72
Q

How does consuming foods high in sugars contribute to aging?

A

It accelerates the formation of crosslinks

73
Q

What are crosslinks in the context of aging?

A

Connections between proteins in tissues

74
Q

What is inflammaging?

A

A state of continuous inflammation in aging-related disease

75
Q

Why is cellular senescence considered a protective mechanism?

A

It prevents the development of cancer

76
Q

What process is responsible for clearing damaged mitochondria from cells?

A

Mitopahgy

77
Q

What are the consequences of not clearing senescent cells?

A

Incensed inflammation

78
Q

Which pharmacological agent, commonly prescribed for arterial hypertension, is associated with a notable side effect of gingival enlargement?

A

Calcium channel blockers

79
Q

Which aging disease is associated with protein accumulation in the brain?

A

Alzheimer disease

80
Q

Which stage of the Demgraphic transition model is characterized by high birth and death rate, resulting in minimal population growth?

A

Stage 1 (high stationary)

81
Q

Which type of disease has shown a growing impact with increasing longevity?

A

Chronic and noncommunicable disease

82
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

A graphical representation of the age and sex distributed of a population

83
Q

How does protein accumulation affect blood vessels?

A

It makes them more fragile

84
Q

What does the width of the base of an expansive population pyramid indicate?

A

High birth rates

85
Q

What happens when telomeres become critically short?

A

They cannot protect DNA anymore, leading to damage

86
Q

Which of the following symptoms may indicate advanced arterial hypertension?

A

All of the above

87
Q

What is the main determinant of population aging?

A

Decreasing fertility rates

88
Q

What is the primary function of stem cells in the body?

A

Tissue repair and regeneration

89
Q

What happens when mitochondria evade destruction through mitophagy?

A

They accumulate in cells

90
Q

What type of country is typically associated with a constrictive population pyramid?

A

Developed countries with low birth and death rates

91
Q

Which demographic trend is associated with a transition from an expansive to a constrictive population pyramid?

A

Decreasing birth rates and increasing life expectancy

92
Q

Stem cell exhaustion contributes to an increase in regenerative capacity over time
V o F

A

Falso

93
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Protective regions at the ends of chromosomes

94
Q

What is the primary goal of senolytics?

A

To target and remove senescent cells

95
Q

How is aging defined?

A

A progressive physiological process occurring from conception onwards

96
Q

What is a significant factor contributing to the decrease in fertility rates?

A

Increased access to effective birth control

97
Q

What has led to the shift in the causes of death from infectious diseases to chronic conditions?

A

Improvements in medical technologies

98
Q

How does a scarcity of nutrients impact cellular function?

A

It boosts cellular repair and maintance mechanisms

Geriatria (1 decks)

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