Orders Flashcards

1
Q

Apterygota includes;

A

Archaeognatha and Zygentoma

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2
Q

Zygentoma (common name)

A

Silverfish

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3
Q

Zygentoma - characteristics

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Silvery colour (scales)
  • Small or no eyes
  • Cerci (2) and medial cordal filament (1) are roughly the same
    length
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4
Q

Archaeognatha - common name:

A

Bristletail

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5
Q

Archaeognatha - characteristics:

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Advanced eyes
  • Cerci (2) are shorter than the medial cordal filament (1)
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6
Q

Pterygota includes;

A

Ephemeroptera and Odonata

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7
Q

Ephemeroptera - common name

A

Mayfly

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8
Q

Ephemeroptera - characteristics

A
  • Two cerci and one medial cordial filament which are all long and of near equal size
  • Forewings (mesothoracic wings) are always larger than the metathoracic wings
  • Slender abdomen
  • Large compound eyes (males largest)
  • Hemimetabolous
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9
Q

Odonata includes;

A

Anisoptera and Zygoptera

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10
Q

Odonata - characteristics

A
  • Large compound eyes
  • Mesothoracic and metathoracic wings are the same length
  • Highly modified mouthparts (labium)
  • Adults = terrestrial
  • Nymphs =
    freshwater
  • Predators
  • Nymphs have anal
    gills
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11
Q

Anisoptera - common name

A

Dragonfly

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12
Q

Zygoptera - common name

A

Damselfly

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13
Q

Anisoptera - characteristics

A
  • Thicker and shorter
    body
  • Larger eyes which
    sit closer together
  • Broader hind wings
  • Hold wings flat down (cannot physically move them)
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14
Q

Zygoptera characteristics

A
  • Narrow-bodied
  • Smaller eyes that are wider apart
  • Wing sets equal size and width
  • Wings held upwards and closed at rest
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15
Q

Neoptera describes;

A

Insects with wings capable of folding and articulating (folding wings over abdomen at rest)

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16
Q

Plecoptera - common name

A

Stoneflies

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17
Q

Plecoptera - characteristics

A
  • Membranous wings of near equal length (larger than mayflies)
  • Rectangular-shaped body
  • Two shortened cerci
  • Long filiform antennae
  • Outwards facing compound eyes
  • Aptery and brachyptery common (especially in NZ species)
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18
Q

Dermaptera - common name

A

Earwigs

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19
Q

Dermaptera - characteristics

A
  • Hind forceps (modified cerci); used for pinching and to held fold wings
  • Forewings; modified as shortened tegmina (leathery wing cover)
  • Hindwings folded up underneath tegmin
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Relatively short legs
  • Ocelli absent
  • NZ species are wingless
  • Females provide maternal care
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20
Q

Blattodea - common name(s)

A

Cockroaches and termites (formerly

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21
Q

Orthoptera - common name(s)

A

Grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets, weta

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22
Q

Orthoptera - characteristics:

A
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Large hindlegs; modified for jumping (saltatorial)
  • Pronotum shield (behind head)
  • Females have well developed ovipositor
  • Hindwings: folded by pleating
  • Primary form of locomotion = jumping
23
Q

Phasmatodea - common name

A

Stick or Leaf insects

24
Q

Phasmatodea - characteristics

A
  • Stick- or Leaf-like appearance
  • Usually apterous
  • Prothorax = shortened
  • Meso & metathorax = elongated
  • Elongated abdomen
  • Small compound eyes
  • IF wings are present; only functional in males
  • Behavioural trait; sway side to side to appear more stick/leaf-like
25
Mantodea - common name
Mantids
26
Mantodea - characteristics
- Mobile head - Widely separated eyes - Raptorial fore-legs; modified for grasping - Slender antennae - Forewings leathery - Hindwings membranous - Narrow elongated prothorax
27
Blattodea - common name(s)
Termites (formerly Order Isoptera) and Cockroaches
28
Blattodea (cockroaches) - characteristics
- Forewings sclerotised - Spinose legs - Dorsoventrally flattened - Large pronotum (protection for the head) - Tegmen; leathery forewings - Membranous hindwings (protected) - Short cerci - Cursorial legs; modified for running - Specialised tarsi for running up walls - Long antennae; sensory organs
29
Blattodea (termites) - characteristics
- IF wings present; equal length, size and membranous - Eyes are generally small - Antennae are reasonably long - Very small cerci - Produce 'alates'; winged individuals (for dispersal) - Variable morphology with caste systems - Soldiers & workers have no eyes or wings - Queen (and King) lose wings after mating - Feed on wood, dry grass, fungi, and animal dung
30
Psocodea - common name
Lice (chewing and sucking)
31
Psocodea - characteristics
- Typically wingless - Dorsoventrally flattened - Shortened antennae - Legs adapted for gripping (prehensile tarsal claws) - Very small eyes - Hairs/bristles point backwards - Ectoparasites
32
Thysanoptera - common name
Thrips
33
Thysanoptera - characteristics
- Thin & small body size (slender) - Thin wings - Fringed wings (setal fringe) - Asymmetrical highly modified mouthparts - Cone-shaped head - Sucking insect - Legs well developed for walking - Mainly feed on; fungi, pollen grains, and plant tissues
34
Hemiptera - common name(s)
True bugs, including; aphids, cicadas, leafhoppers, scale insects, shield bugs, bed bugs
35
Hemiptera - characteristics
- Highly modified mouthparts for piercing/sucking (stylet) - Contains two canals; saliva delivery and fluid uptake - Some are apterous - Previously divided into two sub-orders; 1) Heteroptera; have hemilytra 2) Hemoptera; have tent shaped wings
36
Holometabola includes;
Insects that undergo holometabolism - such as Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptea
37
Neuroptera - common name
Antlion (lacewing)
38
Neuroptera - characteristics
- Net-veined wings - Folded wings that often extend past the abdomen - Well-developed wing venation - Larvae; inject neurotoxins into prey with large mandibles
39
Megaloptera - common name
Dobsonfly
40
Megaloptera - characteristics
- Larvae = toe biters - Larvae look like centipede but 'legs' are actually gills - Antennae = long and thread-like - Can easily see meso & meta-thorax (even in size) - Body quite parallel - Eyes widely separated apart - Membranous wings that are broad at the base - Not strong fliers - Adults do not eat
41
Coleoptera - common name
Beetles
42
Coleoptera - characteristics
- Elytra; rigid, sclerotised - protects hind wings - Wings elaborately folded under elytra - Hindwings are membranous BUT do not have extensive venation - Prothorax is distinct and large - Chewing mouthparts - Mesothorax & metathorax fused = pterothorax - Larvae typically have sclerotised head capsules with mandibles - Usually have five-segmented thoracic legs - Larvae lack ventral abdominal prolegs
43
Siphonaptera - common name
Fleas
44
Siphonaptera - characteristics
- Laterally compressed (streamlined body) - Apterous - Piercing and sucking mouthparts - ONLY have lateral ocelli - Tarsal claws; for holding onto the host - Hind legs modified for jumping - Bristles pointed backwards for streamlining
45
Diptera - common name
True flies
46
Diptera - characteristics
- Only have ONE pair of wings - Second pair of wings; highly modified structures for stabilising flight (halteres) - Antennae can have different forms; long & slender OR aristate (shortened) - Large compound eyes - Mouthparts often highly modified, either; biting, sucking, or lapping
47
Trichoptera - common name
Caddisflies
48
Trichoptera - characteristics
Larvae; - 3 pairs of legs and anal proleg - Aquatic - Net building Adults; - Adults are moth-like; covered in hairs - Long antennae - Reduced mouthparts - Two pairs of haired wings - MOST; hold wings at rest in a roof-like pose - Large compound eyes - Adults are short-lived
49
Lepidoptera - common name(s)
Butterflies and moths
50
Lepidoptera - characteristics
- Lapping mouthparts; long coiled proboscis - Two large pairs of wings; most veins are longitudinal - Hind and fore-wings linked by frenulum (wing coupling), jugum, or simple overlap
51
Differences between Moths and Butterflies;
1) Filiform or pectinate antennae 2) Clubbed/knobbed antennae and more present during the day
52
Hymenoptera - common name(s)
Ants, Bees, and Wasps
53
Hymenoptera - characteristics
- Minute to large - Abdomen is petiole (waisted) - Wings are held together by hooks (hamuli) - Mutlisegmented antennae; can have many different forms - Female ovipositor; modified for stinging AND laying eggs - Larvae variable