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BIOL211 > Orders > Flashcards

Orders Flashcards

1
Q

Apterygota includes;

A

Archaeognatha and Zygentoma

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2
Q

Zygentoma (common name)

A

Silverfish

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3
Q

Zygentoma - characteristics

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Silvery colour (scales)
  • Small or no eyes
  • Cerci (2) and medial cordal filament (1) are roughly the same
    length
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4
Q

Archaeognatha - common name:

A

Bristletail

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5
Q

Archaeognatha - characteristics:

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Advanced eyes
  • Cerci (2) are shorter than the medial cordal filament (1)
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6
Q

Pterygota includes;

A

Ephemeroptera and Odonata

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7
Q

Ephemeroptera - common name

A

Mayfly

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8
Q

Ephemeroptera - characteristics

A
  • Two cerci and one medial cordial filament which are all long and of near equal size
  • Forewings (mesothoracic wings) are always larger than the metathoracic wings
  • Slender abdomen
  • Large compound eyes (males largest)
  • Hemimetabolous
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9
Q

Odonata includes;

A

Anisoptera and Zygoptera

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10
Q

Odonata - characteristics

A
  • Large compound eyes
  • Mesothoracic and metathoracic wings are the same length
  • Highly modified mouthparts (labium)
  • Adults = terrestrial
  • Nymphs =
    freshwater
  • Predators
  • Nymphs have anal
    gills
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11
Q

Anisoptera - common name

A

Dragonfly

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12
Q

Zygoptera - common name

A

Damselfly

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13
Q

Anisoptera - characteristics

A
  • Thicker and shorter
    body
  • Larger eyes which
    sit closer together
  • Broader hind wings
  • Hold wings flat down (cannot physically move them)
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14
Q

Zygoptera characteristics

A
  • Narrow-bodied
  • Smaller eyes that are wider apart
  • Wing sets equal size and width
  • Wings held upwards and closed at rest
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15
Q

Neoptera describes;

A

Insects with wings capable of folding and articulating (folding wings over abdomen at rest)

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16
Q

Plecoptera - common name

A

Stoneflies

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17
Q

Plecoptera - characteristics

A
  • Membranous wings of near equal length (larger than mayflies)
  • Rectangular-shaped body
  • Two shortened cerci
  • Long filiform antennae
  • Outwards facing compound eyes
  • Aptery and brachyptery common (especially in NZ species)
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18
Q

Dermaptera - common name

A

Earwigs

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19
Q

Dermaptera - characteristics

A
  • Hind forceps (modified cerci); used for pinching and to held fold wings
  • Forewings; modified as shortened tegmina (leathery wing cover)
  • Hindwings folded up underneath tegmin
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Relatively short legs
  • Ocelli absent
  • NZ species are wingless
  • Females provide maternal care
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20
Q

Blattodea - common name(s)

A

Cockroaches and termites (formerly

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21
Q

Orthoptera - common name(s)

A

Grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets, weta

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22
Q

Orthoptera - characteristics:

A
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Large hindlegs; modified for jumping (saltatorial)
  • Pronotum shield (behind head)
  • Females have well developed ovipositor
  • Hindwings: folded by pleating
  • Primary form of locomotion = jumping
23
Q

Phasmatodea - common name

A

Stick or Leaf insects

24
Q

Phasmatodea - characteristics

A
  • Stick- or Leaf-like appearance
  • Usually apterous
  • Prothorax = shortened
  • Meso & metathorax = elongated
  • Elongated abdomen
  • Small compound eyes
  • IF wings are present; only functional in males
  • Behavioural trait; sway side to side to appear more stick/leaf-like
25
Q

Mantodea - common name

A

Mantids

26
Q

Mantodea - characteristics

A
  • Mobile head
  • Widely separated eyes
  • Raptorial fore-legs; modified for grasping
  • Slender antennae
  • Forewings leathery
  • Hindwings membranous
  • Narrow elongated prothorax
27
Q

Blattodea - common name(s)

A

Termites (formerly Order Isoptera) and Cockroaches

28
Q

Blattodea (cockroaches) - characteristics

A
  • Forewings sclerotised
  • Spinose legs
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Large pronotum (protection for the head)
  • Tegmen; leathery forewings
  • Membranous hindwings (protected)
  • Short cerci
  • Cursorial legs; modified for running
  • Specialised tarsi for running up walls
  • Long antennae; sensory organs
29
Q

Blattodea (termites) - characteristics

A
  • IF wings present; equal length, size and membranous
  • Eyes are generally small
  • Antennae are reasonably long
  • Very small cerci
  • Produce ‘alates’; winged individuals (for dispersal)
  • Variable morphology with caste systems
  • Soldiers & workers have no eyes or wings
  • Queen (and King) lose wings after mating
  • Feed on wood, dry grass, fungi, and animal dung
30
Q

Psocodea - common name

A

Lice (chewing and sucking)

31
Q

Psocodea - characteristics

A
  • Typically wingless
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Shortened antennae
  • Legs adapted for gripping (prehensile tarsal claws)
  • Very small eyes
  • Hairs/bristles point backwards
  • Ectoparasites
32
Q

Thysanoptera - common name

A

Thrips

33
Q

Thysanoptera - characteristics

A
  • Thin & small body size (slender)
  • Thin wings
  • Fringed wings (setal fringe)
  • Asymmetrical highly modified mouthparts
  • Cone-shaped head
  • Sucking insect
  • Legs well developed for walking
  • Mainly feed on; fungi, pollen grains, and plant tissues
34
Q

Hemiptera - common name(s)

A

True bugs, including; aphids, cicadas, leafhoppers, scale insects, shield bugs, bed bugs

35
Q

Hemiptera - characteristics

A
  • Highly modified mouthparts for piercing/sucking (stylet)
  • Contains two canals; saliva delivery and fluid uptake
  • Some are apterous
  • Previously divided into two sub-orders;
    1) Heteroptera; have hemilytra
    2) Hemoptera; have tent shaped wings
36
Q

Holometabola includes;

A

Insects that undergo holometabolism - such as Megaloptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptea

37
Q

Neuroptera - common name

A

Antlion (lacewing)

38
Q

Neuroptera - characteristics

A
  • Net-veined wings
  • Folded wings that often extend past the abdomen
  • Well-developed wing venation
  • Larvae; inject neurotoxins into prey with large mandibles
39
Q

Megaloptera - common name

A

Dobsonfly

40
Q

Megaloptera - characteristics

A
  • Larvae = toe biters
  • Larvae look like centipede but ‘legs’ are actually gills
  • Antennae = long and thread-like
  • Can easily see meso & meta-thorax (even in size)
  • Body quite parallel
  • Eyes widely separated apart
  • Membranous wings that are broad at the base
  • Not strong fliers
  • Adults do not eat
41
Q

Coleoptera - common name

A

Beetles

42
Q

Coleoptera - characteristics

A
  • Elytra; rigid, sclerotised - protects hind wings
  • Wings elaborately folded under elytra
  • Hindwings are membranous BUT do not have extensive venation
  • Prothorax is distinct and large
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Mesothorax & metathorax fused = pterothorax
  • Larvae typically have sclerotised head capsules with mandibles
  • Usually have five-segmented thoracic legs
  • Larvae lack ventral abdominal prolegs
43
Q

Siphonaptera - common name

A

Fleas

44
Q

Siphonaptera - characteristics

A
  • Laterally compressed (streamlined body)
  • Apterous
  • Piercing and sucking mouthparts
  • ONLY have lateral ocelli
  • Tarsal claws; for holding onto the host
  • Hind legs modified for jumping
  • Bristles pointed backwards for streamlining
45
Q

Diptera - common name

A

True flies

46
Q

Diptera - characteristics

A
  • Only have ONE pair of wings
  • Second pair of wings; highly modified structures for stabilising flight
    (halteres)
  • Antennae can have different forms; long & slender OR aristate (shortened)
  • Large compound eyes
  • Mouthparts often highly modified, either; biting, sucking, or lapping
47
Q

Trichoptera - common name

A

Caddisflies

48
Q

Trichoptera - characteristics

A

Larvae;
- 3 pairs of legs and anal proleg
- Aquatic
- Net building

Adults;
- Adults are moth-like; covered in hairs
- Long antennae
- Reduced mouthparts
- Two pairs of haired wings
- MOST; hold wings at rest in a roof-like pose
- Large compound eyes
- Adults are short-lived

49
Q

Lepidoptera - common name(s)

A

Butterflies and moths

50
Q

Lepidoptera - characteristics

A
  • Lapping mouthparts; long coiled proboscis
  • Two large pairs of wings; most veins are longitudinal
  • Hind and fore-wings linked by frenulum (wing coupling), jugum, or simple
    overlap
51
Q

Differences between Moths and Butterflies;

A

1) Filiform or pectinate antennae
2) Clubbed/knobbed antennae and more present during the day

52
Q

Hymenoptera - common name(s)

A

Ants, Bees, and Wasps

53
Q

Hymenoptera - characteristics

A
  • Minute to large
  • Abdomen is petiole (waisted)
  • Wings are held together by hooks (hamuli)
  • Mutlisegmented antennae; can have many different forms
  • Female ovipositor; modified for stinging AND laying eggs
  • Larvae variable

BIOL211 (1 decks)

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