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Ophthalmology > Orbit and Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Orbit and Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

Fibrous outer layer, uvea (middle layer), retina (inner layer)

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2
Q

What makes up the fibrous layer of the eye?

A 
Sclera = muscle attachment
Cornea = 2/3 of refractive power
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3
Q

What layer of the eye is the vascular layer?

A

The uvea

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4
Q

What are the parts of the uvea?

A

Iris = pupil diameter
Choroid = nutrition and gas exchange
Ciliary body = controls iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour

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5
Q

What layer of the eye is photosensitive?

A

The retina

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6
Q

What are the main three parts of the retina?

A

The macula, retina and optic disc

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7
Q

Where is the anterior segment of the eye located?

A

In front of the lens

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8
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye divided into?

A

Anterior chamber = between cornea and iris

Posterior chamber = between iris and suspensory ligaments

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9
Q

Where is the posterior segment of the eye located?

A

Behind the lens = makes up 2/3 of the eye

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10
Q

What does the posterior segment contain?

A

Vitreous body = this contains the vitreous humour

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11
Q

Where is a common site for floaters?

A

The vitreous body of the posterior segment

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12
Q

What can raised intra-cranial pressure cause in the eye?

A

Ischaemia of the retina and glaucoma

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13
Q

What makes up the ciliary body?

A

Smooth muscles and blood vessels

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14
Q

What do ciliary processes secrete?

A

Secretes aqueous

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15
Q

Where does aqueous circulate in the eye?

A

Circulates within posterior chamber = nourishes lens

Then passes through pupil into anterior chamber = nourishes cornea

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16
Q

Where is aqueous reabsorbed?

A

Reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) at iridocorneal angle

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17
Q

What is the iridocorneal angle often associated with?

A

It is the angle referred to in open or closed angle glaucoma

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18
Q

What is an end artery?

A

An artery with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of the tissue supplied if arterial occlusion occurs

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19
Q

What is the end artery of the retina?

A

The central artery of the retina

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20
Q

What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery that supply the eye?

A

Ciliary artery and central artery of retina

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21
Q

What branches does the ciliary artery give rise to?

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries = supply nasal cavity and contribute to Kiesselbach’s plexus

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22
Q

What is the only vein that drains the retina?

A

The central vein of the retina

23
Q

What is the fundus of the retina?

A

Posterior area where light is focused

24
Q

What structures are present within the fundus of the retina?

A

Optic disc, macula and fovea

25
Q

Where is the point of CN II formation?

A

The optic disc = only point of exit/entry for blood vessels and axons of CN II

26
Q

Why is the optic disc a blind spot in the eye?

A

It has no photoreceptors

27
Q

Which area of the retina has the greatest density of cones?

A

The macula

28
Q

Where is the fovea located within the retina?

A

In the centre of the macula = depression with 1.5mm diameter

29
Q

What is the area of the retina with the most acute vision?

A

The fovea

30
Q

Where do retinal veins and arteries lie?

A

Anterior to the retina

31
Q

What does complete interruption of retinal artery branches or the retinal vein cause?

A

Loss of an area of the visual field that corresponds to the area of ischaemia

32
Q

What does complete interruption to the central artery or vein of the retina cause?

A

Monocular blindness

33
Q

What is the relationship between axons of the visual pathway?

A

They maintain a specific spatial relationship from each other

34
Q

Where is light from objects in the right visual field processed?

A

By the left primary visual cortex

35
Q

Where is light from objects in the lower visual field processed?

A

By the upper part of the primary visual cortex

36
Q

What axes of the eye relate to the direction of gaze?

A

The vertical axis and the horizontal axis

37
Q

What area of the eye does the anteroposterior axis relate to?

A

The superior pole of the eyeball

38
Q

What are the movements related to each of the axes of the eye?

A

Vertical axis = abduction/adduction
Horizontal axis = elevation/depression
Anteroposterior axis = intorsion/extorsion (medial/lateral)

39
Q

What does each extra-ocular muscle have?

A

Each muscle will have a primary movement = most also have secondary movement (except medial and lateral rectus)

40
Q

Where do the movements of the extra-ocular muscles occur from?

A

The primary position (i.e gaze directed forwards)

41
Q

What angle of gaze is related to the superior and inferior rectus muscles?

A

23 degrees

42
Q

What angle of gaze is associated with the superior and inferior oblique muscles?

A

51 degrees

43
Q

What movement does the lateral rectus muscle perform?

A

Can only abduct eyeball = brings line of gaze into same plane as superior and inferior rectus muscles

44
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle?

A

CN VI

45
Q

What movement does the superior rectus muscles perform?

A

Elevation = only muscle that can elevate when eyeball is in abduction

46
Q

What movement does the inferior rectus muscle perform?

A

Depression = only muscle that can depress when eyeball is abducted

47
Q

What is the action of the medial rectus muscle?

A

Can only adduct eyeball = brings line of gaze into same plane as superior and inferior oblique muscles

48
Q

What extra-ocular muscles are innervated by CN III?

A

Superior and inferior rectus muscles, medial rectus muscle, inferior oblique muscle

49
Q

What is the action of the inferior oblique muscle?

A

Elevation = only muscle that can elevate when eyeball is adducted

50
Q

What movement does the superior oblique muscle perform?

A

Depression = only muscle that can depress when they eyeball is adducted

51
Q

What nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle?

A

CN IV

52
Q

What does movement of the eye normally require?

A

Action of more than one muscle = synergists, antagonists or both

53
Q

What muscles act together to perform pure elevation?

A

Superior rectus and inferior oblique synergistically work together (antagonists as rotators)

54
Q

What muscles act together to perform pure depression?

A

Superior oblique and inferior rectus synergistically work together (antagonists as abductors/adductors)

Ophthalmology (20 decks)

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