Orbit Flashcards
what are the 3 major signs of orbital issues?
proptosis, enophthalmos, and ophthalmoplegia
what is proptosis?
protrusion of globe - something is pushing eye forward (often thyroid problems)
what can cause enophthalmos?
recession of globe, small globe, structural problem, atrophy/scarring
what are some causes of ophthalmoplegia?
(can’t move globe) mass/tumor, myopathy, ocular motor nerve lesions, and trauma
how do you test for ophthalmoplegia?
forced ductions
what is inflammatory orbital disease characterized by?
occupying lesions in the orbital space
what are 3 inflammatory orbital disease?
dacryoadenitis, idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor and thyroid eye disease
what are some signs and symptoms of idiopathic orbital pseudotumor?

pain, red eye, diplopia, proptosis, and eyelid swelling
what are 4 things you do to evaluate orbital pseudotumor?
gross observation, slit lamp, CT (r/o tumor) and biopsy (r/o tumor)
what is the treatment/management for orbital pseudotumors?
prednisone 80-100 mg qd and radiation if no improvement with steroid treatment
what are the 3 thyrotoxicosis reasons for thyroid eye disease?
hyperthyroid (most common), hypothyroid, and euthyroid
where is the thyroid gland and what is it responsible for?
endocrine tissue in front of the neck, regulates: heart rate, breathing, metabolic rate, development of cells
what can cause secondary and tertiary thyroid eye disease?
secondary = pituitary
tertiary = hypothalamus
what gland directs the pituitary?
hypothalamus
what happens after the pituitary releases TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)?
in reponse to TSH - thyroid makes T3 and T4 and circulate throughout the body
why is the orbital tissue affected in thyroid disease?
orbital tissue looks like thyroid tissue - auto-antibodies attack the tissue
what are 2 things that orbital disease can occur secondary to?
abnormal levels of T3/T4 and antibodies attacking orbital tissue (euthyroid)
what are the signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease?
proptosis and eyelid retraction
what are 3 secondary problems for thyroid eye disease?
exposure keratopathy, optic nerve compression, and EOM restriction (diplopia)
what tests can you perform to evaluate thyroid eye disease?
gross observation, slit lamp, exophthalmometry, orbit CT, and serology: T3, T4, TSH (if those are normal = auto-antibodies)
what are some treatment/management options for thyroid eye disease?
stop smoking, refer to PCP/endocrinologist, ophthalmic ointment for exposure keratopathy, systemic steroids - oral prednisone (80-100mg/day) and may need orbital decompression
what is preseptal cellulitis?
infection of subcutaneous tissues anterior to orbital septum
what are some causes of preseptal cellulitis?
skin trauma, hordeolum/chalazion, remote infection (URI, ear)
what are some signs/symptoms for preseptal cellulitis?
redness, swelling of eyelids, swelling of periorbital area, and tenderness
what are some pertinent negatives for preseptal cellulitis?
proptosis, decreased VA, impaired ocular motility
what medication and dose do you give for preseptal cellulitis?
oral antibiotic for 10 days (augmentin, ceclor, bactrim or moxifloxicin) and topical antibiotic if there are skin lesions or conjunctivitis
what is orbital cellulitis?
infection of soft tissue behind the orbital septum
what are some causes of orbital cellulitis?
sinus, spread from facial infection, trauma, and post-surgical
why is orbital cellulitis so severe?
can compress other structures in the orbital space and can spread to the brain
what are the signs/symptoms of orbital cellulitis?
same as preseptal cellulitis - but also has proptosis, EOM restriction (diplopia and pain), if optic nerve is involved (decreased VA, APD, and decreased color vision)
what types of tests should you run for orbital cellulitis?
vitals, CT (orbit and sinus), CBC with diff, blood cultures, gram stain and culture discharge and lumbar puncture if suspect meningitis
how do you treat orbital cellulitis?
admit to hospital, IV antibiotic, monitor for spread or orbital compression (VAs), may need to drain orbit (topical antibiotic if needed)
what are some differential diagnoses for orbital cellulitis?
contact dermatitis, ptosis, cellulitis, hordeolum/chalazion, herpes zoster, viral conjunctivitis with eyelid swelling
what is the most common tumor type that affects the lacrimal gland?
most are benign - Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed cell)
how do you diagnose and manage a lacrimal gland tumor?
diagnose = CT scan
manage = excision
how do nasal/paranasal sinus tumors affect the eye?
nasolacrimal duct and orbit (through lamina papyracea)
what are some signs/symptoms of orbital tumors?
proptosis/globe displacement, periorbital/eyelid swelling or other signs
what is the management for orbital tumors?
refer to oncologist for = chemotherapy and radiation also refer to ophthalmology = excision/biopsy
what is a dermoid cyst?
benign, superficial-congenital and occurs deep-adolescence or adult
what is the treatment for a dermoid cyst?
excise - prevent globe malposition and leakage of fluid (inflammation)
what is a mucocele?
sinus drainage is obstructed and debris erodes walls of sinuses
what is an encephalocele?
herniation of intracranial contents through defect in base of skull - congenital
what is the treatment for mucocele/encephalocele?
excise
what is a capillary hemangioma?
hemangioma = isolated lesion of rapid growth of blood vessels most common orbital tumor in children

what is the treatment for capillary hemangioma?
observe, resect, steroids, radiotherapy - treat only if there is a threat to visual impairment or risk of cardiac failure
who typically gets cavernous hemangioma’s?
adults = most common benign orbital tumor
what is the treatment for cavernous hemangioma’s?
excise - usually required to prevent vision threatening complications
what is an optic nerve glioma and who typically gets them?
slow growing, associated with neurofibromatosis and children and may extend intracranially
what is the treatment for optic nerve gliomas?
observation, excision and/or radiotherapy - if needed to prevent life or vision threatening conditions
what is an optic nerve sheath meningioma and who typically gets them?
begnin, characterized by optic nerve dysfunction and may cause proptosis or ophthalmoplegia - middle aged patients
what is the treatment for optic nerve sheath meningioma?
observation, excise and/or radiotherapy = prognosis is good
what type of tumor is in children and starts in the abdomen with a poor prognosis?
neuroblastoma (metastic)
what are some signs/symptoms for a blow out fracture?
pain, epiphora, restricted EOMs, edema/ecchymosis
how should you evaluate a blow out fracture?
complete exam and CT scan
what is the treatment for a blow out fracture?
oral antibiotics and refer for repair
what are some signs/symptoms of a retrobulbar hemorrhage?
proptosis, subconj heme, eyelid ecchymosis, VA loss and APD
what is the management for a retrobulbar hemorrhage?

refer asap for decompression surgery
what is a carotid-cavernous fistula?
abnormal communication between blood vessels - affects circulation in (artery) and out (vein)
how does a carotid-cavernous fistula occur?
vein gets “arterialized” and increases the venous pressure - affects the venous drainage (carotid artery and cavernous sinus vein)
what are some causes for a carotid-cavernous fistula?
head trauma, rupture of aneurysm and congenital
what are some signs/symptoms for a carotid-cavernous fistula?
ptosis, red/chemotic conjunctiva, elevated IOP, AC ischemia, pulsatile proptosis, and nerve palsy

how do you manage a carotid-cavernous fistula?
refer for possible surgery and many recover spontaneously
what is phthisis bulbi?
a shrunken eyeball - globe starts to atrophy until no vision is left
what are some causes of phthisis bulbi?
trauma, inflammation, widespread ocular disease
what is anophthalmos?
lack of a globe
what are the causes of anophthalmos?
usually congenital or it can be acquired (trauma or enucleation)
what should you look for when evaluating a patient with phthisis or anophthalmos?
infection, inflammation or tumors
what is the management for phthisis bulbi?
B-scan annually, if painful (topical steroids or cycloplegic), prosthetic shell
what is the management for anophthalmos?
infection = topical antibiotic
inflammation = topical steroid
tumor = refer for excision
prosthetic = clean and evaluate
what is this condition?

orbital cellulitis
what is this condition?

preseptal cellulitis
what is this condition?

idiopathic orbital pseudotumor