Orality and Literacy Flashcards
Human existence before writing
Prehistory
The way language is nested in sound
Phonemics
rality of cultures untouched by literacy (writing & reading)
Primary Orality
Is a trans dialectal language formed by deep commitment to writing
Grapholect
refers to oral speaking, public speaking, or oratory
Rhetoric
Converting a text to sound (aloud or imagination)
Reading
Means ‘writings’; a body of written materials
Literature
means ‘to weave’
Text
means ‘to stitch songs together’
Rhapsodize
Purely oral art
Epos
Rhetoric, originally in Greek means _______
speech art
T/F: Oral tradition has no such residue or deposit.
True
T/F: Literate users of grapholects have access to more extensive vocabularies compared to any oral language.
True
T/F: There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today.
True
________ is the father of modern linguistics
Ferdinand de Saussure
T/F: Oral language cannot exist without writing
False
Henry Sweet insisted that words are made up of functional sound units called ______
phonemes
Of the 3000 spoken languages, only ____ have literature
78
T/F: Computer language rules (grammar) are used first and stated after.
False
T/F: Human beings in primary oral cultures learn, possess, and practice great wisdom but DO NOT ‘study’
True
Rhetoric was a product of ______
Writing
_________ orality of a culture before any knowledge of writing or print. Hardly exists in the current day.
Primary Orality
_________ present-day high-tech culture; new orality sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices.
Secondary Orality
T/F: Medieval literate persons write oral sayings into text
True
_____ author of Old Testament & wrote “write down sayings”
Nom de Plume
_______ movement was concerned with distant past and folk culture
Romantic Movement
Collectors worked over parts of _____ tradition
quasi-oral tradition
Who discredited the view that oral folklore was simply left-over debris of a “higher” literature?
Andrew Lang
Saussure takes the view that writing simply represents spoken language in _____ form.
visible
______ and ______ by Homer were regarded as the truest secular poems in western heritage.
The Iliad and the Odyssey
Who attacked the Iliad & Odyssey as badly plotted, poor in characterization, and ethically despicable?
Francois Hedelin
Who claims there was no Homer and his epics were just a collection by other poets?
Francois Hedelin
Who though that there was indeed a man named Homer but that the various songs that he wrote were only put together into epic poems 500 yrs later?
Richard Bentley
He believed that there was no Homer and that the poems were the true creations of a whole people.
Giambattista Vico
He believed that Homer was illiterate and that it was the power of memory that enabled him to write poetry.
Robert Wood
He thought that Homer and his contemporaries had no writing.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
The saw the texts of Iliad & Odyssey as COMBINATIONS of earlier poems.
Analysts
They maintained that the Iliad & Odyssey were so well-structured that they were created by ONE MAN and not a collection of redactors.
Unitarians
Who is Milman Parry’s son?
late Adam Parry
T/F: Every element in Parry’s vision is entirely new.
False
They believed the dependence of the choice of words and word-forms on the shape of the orally composed hexameter line”
J.E. Ellendt & H. Duntzer
Who noted formulary structuring in poetry of oral cultures of the present age?
Arnold van Gennep
Who recognized the absence of exact verbatim memory in oral poetry?
M. Murko
Who had styled oral cultures and personality structures they produced verbomoteur (verbomotor)?
Marcel Jousse
Parry discovered that
virtually every distinctive feature of Homeric poetry is due to the economy enforced on it by _____ methods of composition.
oral
T/F: Duntzer noted that Homeric epithets used for wine were all metrically the same.
False (metrically DIFFERENT)
T/F: Oral poets normally work from verbatim memorization of their verse.
False
What determines the selection of words by any poet composing in meter?
Metrical needs
T/F: Poets were expected to use prefabricated materials.
False
This use was only tolerable for beginners since poets should be able to create their own metrically fitted phrases.
Gradus ad Parnassum
The belief that the better the poet was, the less predictable anything was in the poem.
Ex nihilo
T/F: Homer was regarded as a congenital ‘genius’ and that his poems were skillfully created.
True
Homer used ______ in his poems The Iliad and the Odyssey.
repeated formulas
T/F: Homer stitched together prefabricated parts to create his poems.
True
T/F: Homeric Greeks did not value cliches.
False
Greeks figured out that the new way to store knowledge was in ______
written texts
T/F: The philosophical thinking Plato fought for depended entirely on writing.
True
Why did Plato excluded poets from his Republic ?
because he rejected their oral-style of thinking (perpetuated by Homer).
T/F: Oral formulaic thought immediately vanish as soon as one takes a pen.
False
Opland observed that ______ is characterized by formulaic style.
Xhosa poetry
T/F: Early written poetry mimics the script of an oral performance.
True
Which modern cultures still rely heavily on formulaic thought and expression?
Arabic and certain Mediterranean cultures such as Greek
Who supplemented an outline of the Iliad as structured by the formulaic tendency to take elements from the beginning of an episode and repeat it at the end?
Whitman
They carried on Parry’s work by going on lengthy field trips, taping oral performances of epic singers, and interviewing them.
Albert B. Lord & Eric A. Havelock
T/F: The beginnings of Greek philosophy were tied with the restructuring of thought caused by writing.
True
Havelock attributes the ascendancy of Greek analytic thought to Greek’s introduction of _____ into the alphabet.
vowels
They applied Parry’s ideas to study Old English poetry.
Robert Creed & Jess Bessinger
He treated African oral tradition and history.
Joseph C. Miller
He showed that the neglect of psychodynamics of orality led to the misconceptions about early Chinese narrative.
Eugene Eoyang
He studied the survival of the old orality in American folk preachers.
Bruce Rosenberg
He collected new studies on orality from the Balkans to Nigeria and New Mexico and from antiquity to present
John Miles Foley
He shown how shifts hitherto labeled as shifts from magic to science or from ‘prelogical’ to more ‘rational’ state of consciousness.
Jack Goody
He calls on the ear-eye polarities and oral-textual contrasts.
Marshall McLuhan
Who related the early and late stages of consciousness to neurophysiological changes in the bicameral mind?
Julian Jaynes
Julian Jaynes discerns that the _____ hemisphere produced more uncontrollable ‘voices’ attributed to the gods.
right
Julian Jaynes discerns that the _____ hemisphere processes the ‘voices’ into speech.
left
T/F: In an oral culture, knowledge, once acquired, had to be constantly repeated or it would be lost.
True
