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COMM 10D > Orality and Literacy > Flashcards

Orality and Literacy Flashcards

1
Q

Human existence before writing

A

Prehistory

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2
Q

The way language is nested in sound

A

Phonemics

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3
Q

rality of cultures untouched by literacy (writing & reading)

A

Primary Orality

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4
Q

Is a trans dialectal language formed by deep commitment to writing

A

Grapholect

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5
Q

refers to oral speaking, public speaking, or oratory

A

Rhetoric

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6
Q

Converting a text to sound (aloud or imagination)

A

Reading

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7
Q

Means ‘writings’; a body of written materials

A

Literature

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8
Q

means ‘to weave’

A

Text

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9
Q

means ‘to stitch songs together’

A

Rhapsodize

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10
Q

Purely oral art

A

Epos

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11
Q

Rhetoric, originally in Greek means _______

A

speech art

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12
Q

T/F: Oral tradition has no such residue or deposit.

A

True

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13
Q

T/F: Literate users of grapholects have access to more extensive vocabularies compared to any oral language.

A

True

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14
Q

T/F: There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today.

A

True

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15
Q

________ is the father of modern linguistics

A

Ferdinand de Saussure

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16
Q

T/F: Oral language cannot exist without writing

A

False

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17
Q

Henry Sweet insisted that words are made up of functional sound units called ______

A

phonemes

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18
Q

Of the 3000 spoken languages, only ____ have literature

A

78

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19
Q

T/F: Computer language rules (grammar) are used first and stated after.

A

False

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20
Q

T/F: Human beings in primary oral cultures learn, possess, and practice great wisdom but DO NOT ‘study’

A

True

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21
Q

Rhetoric was a product of ______

A

Writing

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22
Q

_________ orality of a culture before any knowledge of writing or print. Hardly exists in the current day.

A

Primary Orality

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23
Q

_________ present-day high-tech culture; new orality sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices.

A

Secondary Orality

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24
Q

T/F: Medieval literate persons write oral sayings into text

A

True

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25
Q

_____ author of Old Testament & wrote “write down sayings”

A

Nom de Plume

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26
Q

_______ movement was concerned with distant past and folk culture

A

Romantic Movement

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27
Q

Collectors worked over parts of _____ tradition

A

quasi-oral tradition

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28
Q

Who discredited the view that oral folklore was simply left-over debris of a “higher” literature?

A

Andrew Lang

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29
Q

Saussure takes the view that writing simply represents spoken language in _____ form.

A

visible

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30
Q

______ and ______ by Homer were regarded as the truest secular poems in western heritage.

A

The Iliad and the Odyssey

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31
Q

Who attacked the Iliad & Odyssey as badly plotted, poor in characterization, and ethically despicable?

A

Francois Hedelin

32
Q

Who claims there was no Homer and his epics were just a collection by other poets?

A

Francois Hedelin

33
Q

Who though that there was indeed a man named Homer but that the various songs that he wrote were only put together into epic poems 500 yrs later?

A

Richard Bentley

34
Q

He believed that there was no Homer and that the poems were the true creations of a whole people.

A

Giambattista Vico

35
Q

He believed that Homer was illiterate and that it was the power of memory that enabled him to write poetry.

A

Robert Wood

36
Q

He thought that Homer and his contemporaries had no writing.

A

Jean Jacques Rousseau

37
Q

The saw the texts of Iliad & Odyssey as COMBINATIONS of earlier poems.

A

Analysts

38
Q

They maintained that the Iliad & Odyssey were so well-structured that they were created by ONE MAN and not a collection of redactors.

A

Unitarians

39
Q

Who is Milman Parry’s son?

A

late Adam Parry

40
Q

T/F: Every element in Parry’s vision is entirely new.

A

False

41
Q

They believed the dependence of the choice of words and word-forms on the shape of the orally composed hexameter line”

A

J.E. Ellendt & H. Duntzer

42
Q

Who noted formulary structuring in poetry of oral cultures of the present age?

A

Arnold van Gennep

43
Q

Who recognized the absence of exact verbatim memory in oral poetry?

A

M. Murko

44
Q

Who had styled oral cultures and personality structures they produced verbomoteur (verbomotor)?

A

Marcel Jousse

45
Q

Parry discovered that
virtually every distinctive feature of Homeric poetry is due to the economy enforced on it by _____ methods of composition.

A

oral

46
Q

T/F: Duntzer noted that Homeric epithets used for wine were all metrically the same.

A

False (metrically DIFFERENT)

47
Q

T/F: Oral poets normally work from verbatim memorization of their verse.

A

False

48
Q

What determines the selection of words by any poet composing in meter?

A

Metrical needs

49
Q

T/F: Poets were expected to use prefabricated materials.

A

False

50
Q

This use was only tolerable for beginners since poets should be able to create their own metrically fitted phrases.

A

Gradus ad Parnassum

51
Q

The belief that the better the poet was, the less predictable anything was in the poem.

A

Ex nihilo

52
Q

T/F: Homer was regarded as a congenital ‘genius’ and that his poems were skillfully created.

A

True

53
Q

Homer used ______ in his poems The Iliad and the Odyssey.

A

repeated formulas

54
Q

T/F: Homer stitched together prefabricated parts to create his poems.

A

True

55
Q

T/F: Homeric Greeks did not value cliches.

A

False

56
Q

Greeks figured out that the new way to store knowledge was in ______

A

written texts

57
Q

T/F: The philosophical thinking Plato fought for depended entirely on writing.

A

True

58
Q

Why did Plato excluded poets from his Republic ?

A

because he rejected their oral-style of thinking (perpetuated by Homer).

59
Q

T/F: Oral formulaic thought immediately vanish as soon as one takes a pen.

A

False

60
Q

Opland observed that ______ is characterized by formulaic style.

A

Xhosa poetry

61
Q

T/F: Early written poetry mimics the script of an oral performance.

A

True

62
Q

Which modern cultures still rely heavily on formulaic thought and expression?

A

Arabic and certain Mediterranean cultures such as Greek

63
Q

Who supplemented an outline of the Iliad as structured by the formulaic tendency to take elements from the beginning of an episode and repeat it at the end?

A

Whitman

64
Q

They carried on Parry’s work by going on lengthy field trips, taping oral performances of epic singers, and interviewing them.

A

Albert B. Lord & Eric A. Havelock

65
Q

T/F: The beginnings of Greek philosophy were tied with the restructuring of thought caused by writing.

A

True

66
Q

Havelock attributes the ascendancy of Greek analytic thought to Greek’s introduction of _____ into the alphabet.

A

vowels

67
Q

They applied Parry’s ideas to study Old English poetry.

A

Robert Creed & Jess Bessinger

68
Q

He treated African oral tradition and history.

A

Joseph C. Miller

69
Q

He showed that the neglect of psychodynamics of orality led to the misconceptions about early Chinese narrative.

A

Eugene Eoyang

70
Q

He studied the survival of the old orality in American folk preachers.

A

Bruce Rosenberg

71
Q

He collected new studies on orality from the Balkans to Nigeria and New Mexico and from antiquity to present

A

John Miles Foley

72
Q

He shown how shifts hitherto labeled as shifts from magic to science or from ‘prelogical’ to more ‘rational’ state of consciousness.

A

Jack Goody

73
Q

He calls on the ear-eye polarities and oral-textual contrasts.

A

Marshall McLuhan

74
Q

Who related the early and late stages of consciousness to neurophysiological changes in the bicameral mind?

A

Julian Jaynes

75
Q

Julian Jaynes discerns that the _____ hemisphere produced more uncontrollable ‘voices’ attributed to the gods.

A

right

76
Q

Julian Jaynes discerns that the _____ hemisphere processes the ‘voices’ into speech.

A

left

77
Q

T/F: In an oral culture, knowledge, once acquired, had to be constantly repeated or it would be lost.

A

True

COMM 10D (2 decks)

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