Orale Inglese Flashcards
The language of a computer.
The language of a computer used digital signals and binary code, with bits representing data and commands. A byte was composed of 8 bits.
Programming involved providing instructions to a computer using programming languages. These languages were artificial languages designed to communicate with machines.
Programming languages evolved over time into five generations, from 1GL to 5GL, becoming increasingly efficient and user-friendly.
When writing a program, the necessary steps were determined, written in pseudocode or a workflow was created, translated into a programming language, and the program was tested and debugged.
Program elements included variables, commands/syntax, loops, decisions, and functions. Each programming language had unique rules for these features.
Computer Basic
A computer is an electronic device capable of executing program instructions. It performs four primary functions: accepting, processing, producing, and storing data. These functions form the Information Processing Cycle. Computers vary in size and power, ranging from supercomputers to personal computers.
A computer consists of several primary components, including input devices, the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory, output devices, and storage devices. The CPU, which includes the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit, is the brain of the computer.
A computer comprises two fundamental parts: hardware and software. Hardware refers to the tangible components of a computer, such as the CPU, monitor, keyboard, and storage devices. Software, on the other hand, consists of the programs and applications that instruct the computer on what to do and how to operate. Software falls into two main categories: operating system software, which manages system functions, and application software, which enables specific tasks like word processing and database management.
Electronics
Electronics is a science that controls electron flow for specific purposes, based on the concept that electricity can carry signals by modifying current or voltage.
Significant contributions to electronics include Edison’s demonstration of electric current as a flow of negative charges, Thomson’s confirmation of electron existence, and Hertz’s evidence of electromagnetic waves. The creation of the first working transistor in 1957 marked a major milestone.
The primary functions of electronics include rectifying alternating current to direct current, amplifying weak signals, and generating desired frequency signals.
Electronic components are classified into active components, which require power, and passive components, which do not. Active components include transistors and integrated circuits, while passive components include resistors and capacitors.
Electronics has a profound impact on everyday life, being used in devices like computers and mobile phones, and is essential in various fields such as navigation, aviation, business, science, and medicine. It plays a crucial role in our modern world, enhancing efficiency and convenience.
HTML
HTML, or Hyper Text Markup Language, is the foundational programming language used for creating web pages. It operates by employing a set of predefined tags that are interpreted and rendered by web browsers. Essentially, HTML instructs your browser on how to display a webpage, specifying its content and the arrangement of images and text.
HTML can be authored in two ways: using a plain text editor, which allows meticulous control over each character of the code, or using a What You See Is What You Get editor, which enables drag-and-drop placement of elements and automatically generates HTML code in the background.
HTML employs tags to format text and images to ensure proper display in web browsers. These tags often appear in pairs with a start tag and an end tag. Over the years, HTML has gone through various versions, each introducing more tags to enable the creation of advanced webpages. The latest version, HTML5, was released in 2012.
HTML code is typically divided into two parts: the head and the body. The head section contains information about the webpage, such as the page title, keywords, and a description. This data is used by search engines to help users find specific content. The body section contains the visible elements of the webpage, including text, images, and links to other pages.
Logic Gates
Logic gates are fundamental components in electronic devices, acting as electronic switches that react in binary to data input. They form the building blocks of digital circuits. There are three basic logic gates: AND, OR, and NOT, each providing a specific output based on their inputs. Other types of logic gates include NAND, NOR, and XOR gates. These gates, represented visually through a Truth Table, are essential in digital electronics and enable electronic systems to process and make decisions based on binary data.
Telecommunications
Telecommunications, or telecom, is the long-distance transmission of signals, evolving from analog to digital methods. It began with inventions like the telegraph and telephone, and now includes the Internet and cellular networks. Messages in telecom systems travel from a transmitter to a receiver, converted into a suitable format for transmission. The industry has shifted from analog to digital, standardizing media in a common format. The telecommunications industry includes various service providers and is part of the broader IT industry. Despite its maturity, it remains vital to the global economy and society, driving innovation and contributing to economic growth.
Web Pages
Web Pages and Websites: A web page is a digital document displayed in a browser, and a collection of related web pages forms a website.
Web Page Address (URL): The address of a web page, known as a URL, begins with “http://” or “https://”, followed by the domain name and the page’s name.
International Codes: Domain names are overseen by ICANN and categorized into Top Level Domains (TLDs) based on their final letters or the country in which they are registered.
Hosting Service: Internet companies manage large web servers and offer hosting services for a fee, allowing individuals and organizations to publish websites without operating their own web servers.
Home Page: The home page is the default landing page of a website, typically providing a general introduction to the site and including hyperlinks to other pages.
Finding the Right Page: Websites often employ methods like an index page, menu page, menu bar, and search box to help users find specific content.
Design and Layout: Designing a website involves considering factors like color schemes, fonts, images, and layout decisions to enhance user navigation and convey professionalism.
Italian System University
The Italian university system is organized into three cycles: Bachelor’s degree (1st cycle), Master’s degree (2nd cycle), and Doctorate (3rd cycle). It also offers other study programs and related qualifications.
The first cycle consists exclusively of Bachelor’s degree programs, providing students with a command of general scientific methods and contents, as well as specific professional skills.
The second cycle mainly includes Master’s degree programs, providing advanced-level education for the exercise of highly qualified activities in specific areas.
The third cycle mainly includes Doctorate programs; students/young researchers enrolled in these programs will acquire methodologies for advanced scientific research.
The university reform, initiated in Italy with Ministerial Decree 509/1999 and integrated by Ministerial Decree 270/2004, introduced significant changes in the university system with the aim of adapting it to the European model of higher education based on three main levels of study: bachelor’s program, master’s program, doctoral research program/specialization diploma.
British University System
Academic Life: Academic life in the UK is different from that in other European countries. Study programs consist of lectures, laboratories, seminars, group project development, and individual study.
Courses and Degrees: The First or Undergraduate Degree lasts 3 years, with the possibility of undertaking an additional year during which you can choose to undertake a period of study or work abroad.
Evaluation System: The British evaluation system uses a system with numbers from 0 to 100, where 0 is the minimum score and 100 is the maximum. To pass an exam, you must obtain at least a 40.
Postgraduate: After the First Degree, you can continue your studies for Higher Degree or Postgraduate Degree or Master. The duration of the courses varies from 1 to 2 years.
Doctorate: After a minimum of three years of research, the highest achievable level is the Doctorate - PhD in a specific subject.
Education in Usa
Academic Life: Academic life in the United States is different from that of other countries. Study programs consist of lectures, laboratories, seminars, group project development, and individual study.
Courses and Degrees: Education is mandatory for all children, but the age at which you can drop out of school varies from state to state and is between 14 and 18 years old. Free public education is typically provided from kindergarten (ages 5 and 6) to 12th grade (ages 17 and 18).
Evaluation System: The American evaluation system uses a system with numbers from 0 to 100, where 0 is the minimum score and 100 is the maximum.
Postgraduate: After the First Degree, you can continue your studies for Higher Degree or Postgraduate Degree or Master.
Doctorate: After a minimum of three years of research, the highest achievable level is the Doctorate - PhD in a specific subject.
