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BDS4 Microbiology > Oral Viral Infections > Flashcards

Oral Viral Infections Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the characteristics of a virus

A
  • small size
  • simple chemical composition
  • no intracellular organelles
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2
Q

Describe the structures present in a typical enveloped virus

A
  • phospholipid envelope
  • nucleic acid genome
  • protein capsid
  • spike projections
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3
Q

How is genetic information stored in viruses

A

as DNA or RNA

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4
Q

Describe the stages of herpes virus replication

A
  1. binding
  2. entry
  3. release and nuclear transport
  4. nuclear entry
  5. gene expression
  6. DNA replication
  7. packaging
  8. egress
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5
Q

What type of virus is herpes simplex

A

DNA

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6
Q

How can viruses be diagnosed

A

viral swab
blood sample (EDTA)

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7
Q

What type of swab should be used for a viral swab

A

flocked

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8
Q

What should the flocked swab be placed in

A

molecular sample solution

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9
Q

What is required to complete a virology request form

A
  • patient details
  • clinician details
  • clinical details and prov diagnosis
  • date of onset
  • patient DOB/chi
  • specify test
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10
Q

What is required to complete a virology request form

A
  • patient details
  • clinician details
  • clinical details and prov diagnosis
  • date of onset
  • patient DOB/chi
  • specify test
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11
Q

What are the common pathogens that cause a maculopapular rash

A
  • enterovirus
  • HHV6
  • HHV7
  • measles
  • rubella
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12
Q

What are the common pathogens that cause a vesicular rash

A
  • HSV1
  • HSV2
  • VZV
  • enterovirus
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13
Q

When using a mouth swab, how is viral nucleic acid detected

A

nucleic acid amplification

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14
Q

How do blood tests diagnose

A

nucleic acid amplification
or antibody levels

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15
Q

Which antibody response do we look for for HSV

A

IgG

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16
Q

What are the 3 stages of human herpes virus

A
  • primary infection
  • latency
  • recurrent infeciton
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17
Q

What are the clinical features of type 1 and 2 HSV

A

gingivostomatitis
herpes labialis
keratoconjunctivitis
herpetic whitlow
bells palsy
genital herpes

18
Q

What can treatment for HSV be split into

A
  • chemoprophylaxis
  • antiviral therapy
19
Q

What is chemoprophylaxis dosage (prevention of disease)

A

ACV to prevent recurrent infection in difficult cases
200mg x 5 daily ACV

20
Q

What is the antiviral therapy tx

A
  • topical therapy with ACV
  • 5%
  • IV therapy for severe and immunosuppressed
21
Q

What is the incubation period of varicella (chicken pox)

A

10-21 days

22
Q

What are the complications of varicella (chicken pox)

A

secondary bacterial infections (group a strep)
pneumonia
congenital, perinatal/neonetal

23
Q

What are the clinical features of zoster (shingles)

A
  • vesicles appear in dermatome, representing cranial or spinal ganglia where the virus has been dormant
  • the affected area may be intensely painful with associated paraesthesia
24
Q

What are the complications of shingles

A
  • post herpetic neuralgia
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • opthalmic zoster
  • ramsay hunt syndrome
25
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of varicella zoster

A
  • primary infection = infection with VZ virus
  • latency = sensory ganglion (trigeminal)
  • recurrent infection = reactivation of latent virus from sensory ganglion
26
Q

What is the route of transmission of VZ

A
  • durect contact, droplet or airborne spread
27
Q

What is the lab diagnosis for VZ if wanted

A
  • PCR
  • not serum unless for HCW
28
Q

Why is VZ relevant to dentistry

A

can mimic severe toothache
antiviral therapy is 800mg oral x 5 days for 7 days

29
Q

What are the different herpes viruses

A

herpes simplex
varicella zoster
epstein barr
cytomegalovirus
HHV 8
HHV 6 & 7

30
Q

What is enterovirus infection the cause of

A

hand foot and mouth disease

31
Q

What are the symptoms of hand food and mouth disease

A

fever
runny nose
sneezing
cough
skin rash, mouth blisters and body ache
** macular rash

32
Q

What is the dentally relevant enterovirus

A

coxsackie – causes HFM

33
Q

What lab test can be used for HFM disease if uncertain diagnosis

A

oral swab for detection of enterovirus RNA

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of measles

A

a rna virus spread through airbone transmission or direct contact with infected resp secretions

35
Q

What is the lab diagnosis of measles made from

A

mouth swab
PCR

36
Q

What virus causes mumps

A

paramyxovirus
RNA

37
Q

What is the incubation period of mumps

A

12-24 days

38
Q

What are the symptoms of mumps

A
  • headache and fever
  • swelling of parotid glands
39
Q

What is aciclovir

A

an acyclic purine nucleoside

40
Q

How does aciclovir work

A

inhibits dna polymerase
it tricks the herpes virus into incorporating the defective molecules into the DNA chain and so it blocks further synthesis
the aciclovir is missing an OH group

41
Q

Describe in detail the mechanism of aciclovir

A
  1. viral enzyomes add to phosphate group to acyclovir
  2. human enzymes add two more phosphate groups, producing acyclovir triphosphate
  3. during replication, acyclovir is added to the growing strand rather than GTP and this halts furhter elongation of the DNA molecule and stops viral replication
42
Q

What is aciclovir used for in dentistry

A

managing HSV (cold sores) and zoster (shingles)
resistance can occur via mutation in viral thymidine kinase

BDS4 Microbiology (2 decks)

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