Oral Test Flashcards
What privileges do you have as a private pilot? Where can you find this information?
61.113.
Can carry passengers. Can fly for a charity/ nonprofit.
What limitations do you have as a private pilot?
Can’t pay less than pro rata share when having passengers.
What Personal Documents do you need with you while flying?
P - Pilots License
M - Medical Certificate
A - Authorized ID
R - Radio Telephone Operator (International Flights)
What are the different types of Medical Certificates?
Class 1 - ATP
Class 2 - Commercial
Class 3 - Private
Basic Med
Bonus: Statement Of Demonstrated Ability (SODA)
How do you determine if an aircraft is airworthy?
Does it have all necessary equipment?
Has it had all necessary inspections?
Does it have all necessary documents?
What is the minimum Equipment Required? Where can you find this information?
A - Airspeed indicator T - Tachometer O - Oil Pressure Gauge M - Manifold Pressure Gauge A - Altimeter T - Temperature Gauge O - Oil Temperature Gauge F - Fuel Gauge L - Landing Gear Position Indicator A - Anti Collision Lights (beacon) M - Magnetic Compass E - ELT S - Safety Belts
91.205
What equipment is required to fly at night?
F - Fuses L - Landing Lights (only if for hire) A - Anti Collision Lights P - Position Lights S - Source of power (alternator, generator)
On a preflight inspection, you notice that the landing light is inoperative. What do you do?
Not flying for hire or at night: Can fly anyways and bring it to the owner’s attention
What is a Ferry Report and how do you use it?
Allows a plane that does not have an airworthiness certificate or is missing a required instrument to be flown with the purpose of maintenance at destination
What are the required Documents to fly?
A - Airworthiness Certificate R - Registration R - Radio License O - Operating Limitations/Handbook W - Weight & Balance
What are the required inspections to fly?
A - Annual (12 months)
V - VOR check (30 days, only if flying IFR)
I - 100 hour (if aircraft is used for hire/instruction)
A - Altimeter (24 months)
T - Transponder (24 months)
E - ELT (12 months OR on for 1 hr of cumulative use OR 50% of battery)
Airworthiness Directives: Comply with. Some are next maintenance, some are immediate.
Service Bulletins: Comply with. Stay aware.
What are the currency requirements?
Day passengers: 3 TO + 3 LDGS in past 90 days; Same category, class and type
Night Passengers: 3 TO + 3 full stop LDGS during night in past 90 days
Medical: Under 40: 60 months; Over 40: 24 months
Flight Review: 24 months; At least 1 hr flight training, 1 hr ground
What is the difference between currency and proficiency?
Currency = minimum to fly legally Proficiency = Well above minimum. Competent for whatever situation arises.
What type of planes require endorsements?
Complex Airplane: Retractable landing gear, flaps and controllable pitch prop
High Performance Airplane: Engine capable of +200 horsepower
Tailwheel: Rather than a nose wheel in front and two wheels in the back, it has two wheels in the front and a tailwheel in the back. A reverse tricycle.
What are AIRMETS?
** Hazardous to GA**
Issued every 6 hours starting at 0245 UTC
Sierra: Mountain Obscuration/Ceiling < 1000 and/or vis<3miles (over 50% of area)
Tango: Moderate/sustained turbulence on surface 30+ kts
Zulu: Moderate icing, freezing levels
What are SIGMETS?
** Hazardous to all aviation**
Active: (Non convective)
- Severe icing, severe turbulence, dust/sand storms w/ vis < 3 miles, volcanic ash
- Generally last 4 hours
Outlook SIGMETS: forecast for 4 hours
What are convective SIGMETS?
** Hazardous to people on the ground **
Valid up to 2 hours, updated every hour
Line of thunderstorms (min 60 miles) Embedded thunderstorms Winds > 50 kts Thunderstorms with heavy or greater precipitaiton Tornado Hail diameter >= 3/4 inch
What is the winds aloft and how do you read it?
Winds aloft = forecast for wind direction, speed and temperature for different altitudes at a location
TRUE (not magnetic) direction
First 2 #s: Multiply the # by ten to get the direction in degrees.
Second 2 #s: Wind Speed in kts.
Third 2 #s: Temperature in degrees Celsius
What do you do if there is a 7 as the first number of the Winds Aloft?
The direction is 50 subtracted from the first two numbers.
You put a 1 in front of the wind speed.
For example. if it reads 731322, the direction is (73-50 = 23) 230 degrees and the wind speed is 113 kts.
Read this Winds Aloft: 230733
Direction: 230 degrees
Wind Speed: 7 kts
Temperature: 33 degrees Celsius
What types of In Flight Weather are available to pilots?
PIREPS
ATIS
AWOS
What is a TAF?
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
Issued every 6 hours
Valid for 30 hours.
Covers an area with a 5 nm radius from the center of the airport
What is a Prognostic Chart?
Includes surface analysis (fronts) as well as predicted precipitation
12 hr and 24 hr forecast issued every 4 hrs
36 hr, 48 hr, and 60 hr forecast are issued twice daily
3-7 day forecasts is issued once daily ~1400Z with a Valid time at 1200Z
What types of fuel can we use?
80/87 min (because we got approved from FAA) –> this is from the gas station
100LL –> DKX sells this
What if the FBO has 90? Can we use it?
Yes because it is above 80/87 and we have permission from FAA.
How many gallons of fuel do our tanks hold?
Useable: 38 gallons
Max: 42 gallons
How does the fuel get from the tanks to the engine?
Gravity fed
What does the mixture control?
The ratio between fuel and intake air in the engine
Why do we sump the fuel?
To check if there is water or sediment in the fuel tanks
What kind of engine do we have?
Lycoming Engine O-320-E2D
150 HP 4 Cylinders 8 Spark Plugs 2 Mags Horizontally opposed Air and Oil Cooled Naturally Aspirated
What are the four strokes of a piston engine?
Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust
Is our engine fuel injected or carbureted?
Carbureted
What are the benefits of fuel injected engines? What about carbureted?
Fuel Injected: less susceptible to icing, better fuel flow
Carburetor: cheaper to buy/fix, simpler
What causes carb ice?
Moisture in carb venturi combined with fluctuating temps
What type of prop?
76in fixed pitch
2 blade
How many volts is our battery?
12 volts
Why does the alternator produce more than the battery?
For the alternator to be able to charge the battery
If our alternator fails, will our engine continue to run?
Yes
How can the engine run if the alternator fails?
Engine is not reliant on the electrical system to continue, but it is to start.
The magnetos keep the engine running.
Therefore, a landing is necessary ASAP as if the engine fails, you would not be able to restart it.
If we are just using the STBY batt, what equipment will we be left with?
The ESS (essential) bus, including COMM 1, NAV 1, lights
How long can we fly on the standby battery?
30 mins
Describe the Left Turning Tendencies:
Torque: Worse in low airspeeds, high power and high AOA, cause by Newton’s 3rd law
P-Factor: Falling blade moves more air than rising blade
Spiraling Slipstream: In takeoff, air travels around the fuselage in a corkscrew pattern and hits the rudder causing the plane to yaw to the left
Gyroscopic Precession: applied pressure to rotating disc results in force 90 deg perp to point of application
What color are runway centerline markings?
White
What color are taxiway lights?
Blue
What does a red sign with white numbers mean?
Denotes what runway this is
What does a yellow sign with black writing mean?
Identifies areas in a specific direction (not current location)
What does a black sign with yellow letters mean?
Identifies taxiway/runway plane is on
What is an ILS hold short area?
Edge of ILS critical area, Ground may ask you to hold short here
If you are on the runway and see a black number 2, what does that mean?
You have 2000 ft of runway left to takeoff/land
What does a yellow X painted on the runway mean to us?
Out of service/Do not use
What does a hold short line look like?
Two yellow dashed lines and two full dashed lines w/ a black background. If full lines are closest to you, stop before them. If dashed lines are closest to you, stop after crossing.
What are the colors of a rotating beacon and what do they mean?
Civilian: Flashing white and green
Military: Two quick white flashes followed by a green flash
Day Operations: Weather < VFR mins: (<3SM or ceiling < 1000 ft)
What are the light gun signals and what do they mean?
Flashing red: flying- airport unsafe, don’t land. Ground- taxi clear of runway
Flashing white: ground - return to starting point
Flashing red & green: both - exercise extreme caution
Steady red (in air): Continue circling, give way to other aircraft
Green in air: Cleared to land
Describe the four types of hypoxia.
Hypoxic: lack of oxygen absorbed due to pressure decrease
Hypemic: blood can’t carry oxygen to cells → CO poisoning
Stagnant: poor blood circulation, from pulling Gs or too cold, can cause hyperventilation
Histotoxic: inability to use oxygen, from alcohol/drugs
What are the symptoms of hypoxia?
Headache
drowsiness
numbness
How do you recover from Hypoxia?
Descend below 10k ft, slow breathing rate
What is hyperventilation?
Rapid breathing, inhaling O2 and CO2
What would cause one to hyperventilate?
Anxiety
panic
stagnant hypoxia
What are the symptoms of hyperventilation?
Anxious
trouble breathing
racing heartbeat
How do you recover from hyperventilation?
Breath in paper bag
slow breathing
What can spatial disorientation lead to?
Vestibular illusions, loss of control and CFIT
What is Somatogravic Spatial Disorientation?
thinking linear acc/dec is climb/desc
What is Somatogyral Spatial Disorientation?
not detecting mvmt/ perceiving mvmt in opp direction
What is CFIT?
(Controlled flight into terrain) = PIC flies plane into obstacle without knowledge/recognition of danger until too late
How can you avoid motion sickness?
start with shorter flights
avoid turbulence flights at first
How does stress and fatigue affect piloting ability?
Adrenaline
Increased Blood Pressure
Too much stress
Decreased performance
What are the types of stress and fatigue?
Acute (short term) and chronic (long term) stress
Fatigue = physiological stress. → acute, chronic and skill
Acute triggers flight or flight response. Can be beneficial.
Chronic is never beneficial.
What is the PAVE checklist.
Personal Minimums Checklist: to help ensure our bodies are in good condition to fly
P - Pilot
A - Aircraft
En - V - ironment
E - External Pressures
What is the IMSAFE checklist.
Personal Minimums Checklist: to help ensure our bodies are in good condition to fly
I - Illness M - Medication S - Stress A - Alcohol F - Fatigue E - Emotion
How does alcohol affect flying? For how long? For what BAC?
Impaired judgment and perception
Impaired coordination and motor control, etc.
How many hours: Up to 8 hours
Blood alcohol content: Less than 0.04
Who should I consult if I start taking a new prescription drug to ensure it is approved for flying?
Primary care physician or AME (aviation medical examiner)
How long should you wait to fly after scuba diving?
Flight alts 8,000ft and below: At Least 12 hours
8,000ft and above or controlled ascent: At least 24 hours
What happens if you do not wait to fly after scuba diving?
DCS (decompression sickness)
How does our vision change with night flying?
Scotopic Vision → blind spot directly in center of vision
How does our scan change in night flying?
30 deg sectors for 2-3 sec, overlap each 10 deg
How long does it take to adapt to night vision?
30 mins
What personal equipment should you bring on a night flight?
red/green flashlight (cockpit)
white flashlight (preflight)
Extra batteries
Spare Radio
Why a red or green flashlight?
Has less of an effect on your eyes, takes less time to readjust
How would you pick a place to land at night?
Highways, pre-identified before the flight
What illusions can occur at night?
Somatogravic acceleration on takeoff
Belief that the nose is too high
Black hole approach: Water or unlit terrain, may think the runway is tilted left and upsloping
False Horizon: Orienting yourself to ground lights
Flicker vertigo: Blinking light causing nausea
Do you have to file a VFR flight plan?
You do not need to file a VFR flight plan
Class C or B airports may require this to fly out of them
How do you open/close a VFR flight plan?
By calling the Flight Service Station (FSS)
This can also be filed on Foreflight
What is Vr?
(Rotation Speed): 60 mph
What is Vx?
(Best Angle of Climb): 68 mph
What is Vy?
(Best Rate of Climb): 80 mph
What is Vs?
(Stall Speed Clean): 57 mph
What is Vso?
(Stall Speed in Landing Configuration): 49 mph
Note: As weight decreases, stall speed will also decrease
What is Va?
(Max Gross Weight Maneuvering Speed): 112 mph
What is Vno?
(Max Structural Cruising Speed): 145 mph
What is Vne?
(Never Exceed Speed): 189 mph
What is Vfe?
(Max Flap Extended Speed): 100 mph
What is Vglide?
(Best Glide Speed): 80 mph
What does LAHSO stand for and do you have to participate in it?
Land And Hold Short Operations
No
What are FDC NOTAMS?
(Notice to Airman)
Flight Data Center
TFR (Temporary Flight Restriction) is an FDC NOTAM
Regulating in nature
What are the Oxygen Altitude Regulations?
12,500 - Pilots must wear oxygen if above for >30 min
14,000 - Pilots are required to have oxygen at all times
15,000 - Passengers must be provided oxygen
What is the Service Ceiling for C-172M?
13,100 ft
What is the pilot’s bill of rights? Where can you find it?
The FAA must notify you if they are suspending your license. Gives you a chance to refute it.
Can be found in the front of the FAR/AIM
What is your indicated altitude?
What the altimeter reads
What is your true altitude and how do you get it?
Height of the airplane above the mean sea level (MSL)
True Altitude = Indicated Altitude + (ISA Deviation × 4/1000 × Indicated Altitude)
What is your pressure altitude?
True altitude corrected for a non-standard atmosphere
Barometric pressure set to 29.92
What is your density altitude?
Pressure altitude corrected for a non-standard temperature
What is your absolute altitude?
Height of the airplane above the ground level (AGL)
What is your IAS?
Indicated Air Speed - what the airspeed indicator reads (from pitot tube)
What is your CAS?
Calibrated Air Speed - IAS corrected for instrument/positional errors
What is your TAS?
True Air Speed - Speed of the aircraft relative to the speed of the air
Higher alt = less dense = less molecules entering pitot tube = IAS is underestimating TAS
Accounts for outside air temp
What is your GS?
Ground Speed - speed of aircraft relative to the ground. TAS corrected for wind speed.
How do you get calibrated Airspeed?
Calibration chart of the aircraft manual
How do you get True Airspeed?
Add 2% to the CAS for each 1,000 ft of altitude
What is a spin?
One wing is more stalled than the other, nose down
What is your airspeed in a spin?
Very slow
Which wing is stalled in a spin? Why?
Both, but the one in the direction of the spin is more stalled as it has more drag
How do you recover from a spin?
(PARE) Power Idle Ailerons neutral Rudder opposite of spin Elevator forward
What is your airspeed in a spiral?
Fast
Which wing is stalled in a spiral?
Neither
How do you recover from a spiral?
Power Idle
Ailerons neutral
Elevator backwards
Apply power once airspeed is reduced
How would you get yourself into a spiral?
Pulling up without leveling wings
What is an advisory circular?
FAA documents/rules but not for the aircraft itself.
Ex. Must turn crosswind w/in 300 ft of downwind altitude
What is a NASA report?
Immunity for violating FAA regulations inadvertently → no punishment but still on your record
Must report w/in 10 days
Can’t use the immunity twice in 5 years
**not guaranteed but likely
Can you fly through a Prohibited Area?
Not without prior coordinated permission
Can you fly through a MOA?
Yes
Can you fly through Restricted Area?
Not without prior coordinated permission
How do you overtake another aircraft?
Alter your course to the right
How do you get Special VFR and what are the requirements?
Request from the control or approach tower
Requirements:
Min: 1,000 ft ceiling, 3 mi visibility
Must be an IFR pilot
What do the following transponder codes mean? 7500, 7600, 7700, 1200, 7777
7500 - Hijacked aircraft 7600 - Coms failure 7700 - Aircraft in emergency 1200 - VFR 7777 - Military Intercept
Guard:
What is the guard frequency?
What happens on it?
When are you required to monitor it?
121.5
Emergency frequency
Always required to monitor it if you have 2 radios
What Flight Service Frequencies: weather en route options do you have?
- 1 - VOR
122. 2/122.3 - Flight service station
What do you do when there is an Engine Fire during Start?
Continue cranking the engine, idle for 1-2 mins, shut down engine. If it doesn’t start, stop and extinguish the fire.
What do you do when there is an Engine Fire during Flight?
Throttle to idle cutoff, fuel selector to off, shut off cabin heat. If fire is not extinguished, rapid decent. Land immediately.
What do you do when there is High oil pressure/low oil Temp?
Start descending, land
What do you do when there is High oil pressure/high oil Temp?
Decrease RPM, descend and land
What do you do when there is Loss of Suction Gauge?
Start descending, land
What do you do when there is a loss of the Alternator?
VFR = no big deal, magnetos continue to spark. Shut off all non-essential equipment. Still should land at the nearest airport.
What do you do when there is an Electrical Fire during flight?
Turn off the master switch. Use an extinguisher if necessary. Check circuit breakers. Turn on electronics one by one to identify the cause. Land at the nearest airport. If possible, call ATC, squawk 7700 and IDENT.
Loss of Engine - are you concerned with landing downwind?
No
What does the pitot tube do?
Measures the stagnation pressure
Affects airspeed indicator
What does the static system do?
Measures the gauge pressure
Affects airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator and altimeter
What does the Vacuum System do?
Uses suction to spin the gyroscopes
Affects the turn coordinator, attitude indicator and the heading indicator
What does the DC Electric system do?
Runs off the engine to supply continuous energy to the electrical system. Charges the battery while the engine is running.
Affects the turn coordinator.
Line Under Frequency means code:
VOR
What are the VFR Fuel Minimums?
Day: +30 mins past destination
Night: +45 mins past destination
What is wake turbulence?
Wingtip vortices caused by pressure differentials from an aircraft producing lift
What are the procedures to avoid wake turbulence?
Landing: stay at or above the previous plane’s flight path
Taking off: Rotate prior to the previous plane’s rotation point
