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Oral Preparation Flashcards

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Charter Pilot (Part 135) - Oral flashcards
1
Q

What are the 5 hazardous attitudes?

A
  1. Anti-Authority
  2. Impulsive
  3. Invulnerability
  4. Macho
  5. Resignation
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2
Q

What is aeronautical decision making (ADM)?

A

It is a decision-making process that is applied to flight operations.

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3
Q

What is situational awareness?

A

It is the accurate perception of the operational and environmental factors which affect the aircraft, pilot, and passengers during a specific period of time.

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4
Q

What can cause ear pain/problems during a flight?

A

Ear pain is normally the result of a difference between air pressure in the middle ear and outside air pressure.

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5
Q

What can help reduce or prevent middle ear problems during a flight?

A

Slow descent rates can help prevent or reduce the severity of ear problems and to equalize pressure, the Eustachian tube can sometimes be opened by yawning, swallowing, chewing, or employing the Valsalva maneuver.

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6
Q

Why should you not go immediately on a flight after scuba diving?

A

While you are very deep in the ocean, the atmospheric pressure is very high. Your body adapts to this by producing more nitrogen in the blood. If you immediately go on a flight afterwards, the atmospheric pressure decreases greatly and your body cannot adapt that quickly. You have an excess amount of nitrogen in the blood and it begins to bubble. This is known as decompression sickness and the most common type is called the “bends” where the blood in your joints begins to bubble. It is very painful and if serious enough can even cause death.

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7
Q

What causes motion sickness?

A

Motion sickness is caused by the brain receiving conflicting messages about the state of the body.

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8
Q

What is the regulation regarding drinking alcohol and flying?

A

You cannot fly if you have:

  1. Had alcohol within the last 8 hours.
  2. Have a BAC of 0.4% or more.
  3. Are under the influence of alcohol.
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9
Q

What are the five main components of an airplane?

A
  1. Fuselage
  2. Empennage
  3. Powerplant
  4. Wings
  5. Landing Gear
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10
Q

What is the fuselage?

A

The fuselage houses the cabin, or cockpit, and serves as the attachment point for the other major airplane components.

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11
Q

What does the empennage consist of?

A

The empennage consists of the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer which act to steady the airplane and maintain a straight path through the air.

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12
Q

What are trim devices used for?

A

Trim devices are used to help minimize your workload by aerodynamically helping you move a control surface, or maintain the surface in a desired position.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of an engine in an aircraft?

A

The engine works to turn the propeller, generate electrical energy, create a vacuum source for some flight instruments, and provide a source of heat for the pilot and passengers.

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14
Q

What does the propeller do?

A

The propeller translates the rotating force of the engine into a forward-acting force called thrust that helps to move the airplane through the air.

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15
Q

What is the four-stroke operating cycle?

A
  1. Intake
  2. Compression
  3. Power
  4. Exhaust
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16
Q

How do you determine the engine speed?

A

Engine speed for aircraft with a fixed-pitch propeller is displayed on a tachometer in revolutions per minute (RPM).

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17
Q

What does the carburetor do?

A

The carburetor mixes incoming air with fuel and delivers it to the combustion chamber.

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18
Q

How do you adjust the fuel/air mixture?

A

By the mixture control.

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19
Q

What can cause carburetor icing?

A

Carburetor ice may be caused by fuel vaporization and decreasing air pressure in the venturi which causes a sharp temperature drop in the carburetor.

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20
Q

When is carburetor ice most likely to occur?

A

It is more likely to occur when temperatures are below 21 degrees Celsius and relative humidity is above 80%.

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21
Q

How can you combat carburetor ice?

A

To combat the effects of carburetor ice, engines with float-type carburetors employ a carburetor heat system which is designed to eliminate ice by routing air across a heat source before it enters the carburetor.

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22
Q

What is the main advantage of fuel-injected systems?

A

One of the most significant advantages of the fuel injection system is the relative freedom from the formation of induction icing.

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23
Q

What is the ignition system made up of?

A

The ignition system is made up of magnetos, spark plugs, interconnecting wires, and the ignition switch.

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24
Q

What is detonation?

A

Detonation occurs when fuel in the cylinders explodes instead of burning smoothly.

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25
Q

What is pre-ignition?

A

Pre-Ignition is a result of the fuel/air mixture being ignited in advance of the normal times ignition.

26
Q

What is the difference between fuel-pump and gravity-feed fuel systems?

A

They are similar, except the gravity system does not include engine-driven or electric boost pumps or fuel pressure gauges.

27
Q

What should you do to prevent moisture contamination in the fuel system?

A

Ensure that the airplane’s tanks are refueled following the last flight of the day.

28
Q

What is a wet-sump oil system?

A

A wet-sump oil system uses an oil pump to draw oil from the sump and route it to the engine. Oil system operation can be monitored by referring to the oil pressure and temperature gauges.

29
Q

How is the engine cooled?

A

Cooling air enters the engine compartment through an inlet behind the propeller hub where it is further directed to the hottest part of the engine by baffles.

30
Q

As an airplane climbs, do you enrichen or lean the mixture to maintain an optimum fuel/air ratio?

A

Lean

31
Q

What is your first indication of carburetor ice in an airplane equipped with a fixed-pitch propeller?

A

A drop in engine RPM.

32
Q

Explain why an engine equipped with a fuel injection system is less susceptible to induction icing than one equipped with a float-type carburetor?

A

There can be a sharp temperature drop in a float-type carburetor due to fuel vaporization and decreasing air pressure in the venturi. If water vapor in the air condenses when the carburetor temperature is at or below freezing, ice may form. Since engines equipped with a fuel injection system eliminate the carburetor, they are relatively free from the formation of induction icing.

33
Q

The uncontrolled, explosive ignition of the fuel/air mixture within the cylinder’s combustion chamber describes which type of abnormal combustion? What actions can you take while airborne to help correct for this problem?

A

Detonation. Since detonation can occur when the engine overheats, if you suspect detonation while in flight you should attempt to lower the cylinder temperature. Methods include retarding the throttle, enriching the fuel mixture, and/or lowering the nose to increase airspeed and the cooling airflow around the engine.

34
Q

If the fuel grade specified for your airplane is not available, can you use a lower grade of fuel? A higher grade?

A

You should not use a fuel grade lower than specified because it can cause cylinder head and engine temperatures to exceed normal operating limits. You may substitute the next higher grade, but only if it is approved by the manufacturer.

35
Q

Describe at least two functions performed by the engine oil system.

A

The engine oil system performs many functions including lubricating the engine’s moving parts, cooling the engine by reducing friction and removing some of the heat from the cylinders, providing a seal between the cylinder walls and pistons, and carrying away contaminants which are removed as the oil passes through a filter.

36
Q

Immediately after engine start you notice that the ammeter shows a discharge. Is this normal?

A

No, it should be a positive charge because the alternator should be charging the battery due to the battery being drained during engine start.

37
Q

What is the atmospheric pressure and temperature at sea level in a standard atmosphere?

A

15 degrees Celsius and 29.92” Hg

38
Q

Pitot pressure is used by which flight instrument(s)?

A

Airspeed Indicator

39
Q

What does the bottom of the white arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vs0 - Stall Speed in a landing configuration

40
Q

What does the bottom of the green arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vs - Stall speed in a clean configuration

41
Q

What does the top of the white arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vfe - Maximum flap extension speed

42
Q

What does the top of the green arc on the ASI indicate?

A

Vno - Maximum Structural Cruising Speed

43
Q

What does the red radial on the ASI indicate?

A

Vne - Never Exceed Speed

44
Q

Which important airspeed limitation changes with aircraft weight and is not depicted on the ASI?

A

Va - Maneuvering Speed

45
Q

What is absolute altitude?

A

The height of the airplane above the earth’s surface.

46
Q

What is true altitude?

A

The actual height of an object above mean sea level.

47
Q

What is pressure altitude?

A

The vertical distance above the standard datum plane.

48
Q

What is density altitude?

A

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature.

49
Q

You fly from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure but do not reset your altimeter. If you maintain a consistent indicated altitude, will you be at your desired altitude? Why?

A

No. If you fly from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure without resetting your altimeter, the altimeter will sense the decrease in pressure as an increase in altitude. The altitude indicated on the altimeter will be higher than the true altitude of the airplane.

50
Q

What will the effect be on the airspeed indicator if the static system becomes clogged, but the pitot system remains unobstructed? Why?

A

At altitudes above the point where the static ports became clogged, the ASI will indicate slower than actual because the trapped static pressure is higher than normal for that altitude. At altitudes lower than the point where the static ports become clogged, the airspeed will indicate faster than actual since the trapped static pressure is lower than normal for that altitude.

51
Q

What type of movement is depicted by the attitude indicator, but not the turn coordinator?

A

Pitch

52
Q

True/False: If you accelerate an airplane in the northern hemisphere on a heading of east, your compass will indicate a turn to the south.

A

False, it will show a turn to the north.

Accelerate-North / Decelerate-South
ANDS

53
Q

What are the four forces acting on an aircraft during flight?

A

Lift, Weight, Thrust, Drag.

54
Q

How is lift generated?

A

Both Bernoulli’s principle and Newton’s Third Law of Motion help us understand this.

  1. According to Bernoulli’s principle, the increase in speed of air on the top of an airfoil produces a drop in pressure and this lowered pressure is a component of total lift.
  2. The reaction to down wash from the top surface of the wing and the air stream striking the wing’s lower surface causes an upward reaction in positive lift according the Newton’s third law of motion.
55
Q

What are some design factors which affect a wing’s lifting capability?

A

Planform, camber, aspect ratio, and wing area.

56
Q

What is a stall?

A

A stall is caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s upper surface. For a given airplane, a stall always occurs when exceeding the critical angle of attack, regardless of airspeed, flight attitude, or weight.

57
Q

What do flaps do?

A

Flaps increase lift (and drag) by increasing the wing’s effective camber and changing the chord line which increase the angle of attack. Flap types include plain, split, slotted, and fowler.

58
Q

What is the main purpose of flaps?

A

To allow for a steeper descent angle without gaining excess airspeed.

59
Q

What is weight?

A

Weight is the force of gravity which acts vertically through the center of gravity in the aircraft toward the center of the Earth.

60
Q

What are the two main types of drag?

A
  1. Parasite

2. Induced

61
Q

What is parasite drag?

A

Parasite drag is caused by any aircraft surface which deflects or interferes with the smooth airflow around the airplane. Parasite drag normally is divided into three types:
1. Form Drag
2. Interference Drag
3. Skin-Friction Drag
If airspeed is doubled, parasite drag increases fourfold.

62
Q

What is ground effect?

A

The phenomenon of ground effect occurs close to the ground where the earth’s surface restricts the downward deflection of the

Private Pilot Flashcards (1 decks)

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