ORAL PATHOLOGY LEC Flashcards
1
Q
nonspecific response to injury that
involves the microcirculation and its
blood cells
A
INFLAMMATION
2
Q
The ingestion and digestion of
particulate material by cells
A
PHAGOCYTOSIS
3
Q
The adherence of white blood cells to
blood vessel walls during inflammation
A
PAVEMENTATION
4
Q
Fluid with high protein content that
leaves the microcirculation during an
inflammatory response
A
EXUDATE
5
Q
The movement of white blood cells,as
directed by biochemical mediators, to
an area of injury
A
CHEMOTAXIS
6
Q
The passage of white blood cells
through the walls of small blood vessels
and into injured tissue
A
EMIGRATION
7
Q
A decrease in size of the lumen of a
blood vessel caused by contraction of
the smooth muscles in the wall of the
vessel
A
ATROPHY
8
Q
Excretion of undigested foreign
bodies
A
-EXOCYTOSIS
9
Q
The second type of white blood cell to
arrive at a site of injury; it participates in
phagocytosis during inflammation and
continues to be active in the immune
response
A
MACROPHAGE
10
Q
Excess plasma or exudate in the
interstitial space that results in tissue
swelling
A
EDEMA
11
Q
An alevation of body temperature to
greater that normal level of 37 degree
celcius
A
FEVER
12
Q
The first white blood cell to arrive at a
site of injury; the primary cell involved in
acute inflammation
A
NEUTROPHIL
13
Q
The restoration of damaged or
diseased tissues by cellular change of
growth
A
REPAIR
14
Q
The process by which injured tissue is replaced with tissue identical to that present before the injury
A
-REGENERATION
15
Q
GivE the 5 local signs of inflammation
A
PAIN
HEAT
REDNESS
LOSS OF FUNCTION
SWELLING
16
Q
What are the 4 components of reaction
A
TISSUE DAMAGE
ALTERATION
EXUDATION
GRANULATION AND REPAIR
17
Q
Endothelial cells (normally line blood
vessels) that bud and form fresh
capillaries
A
ANGIOBLASTS
18
Q
Allergy -related antigen - antibody
response cell
A
EUSINOPHIL
19
Q
An enlargement of a tissue or organ
resulting from an
increase in the number of normal cells: the
result of
increased cell division
A
Hyperplasia
20
Q
The pathologic death of one or more cells, or a
portion of a tissue, or an organ that results
from
irreversible damage to cells
A
Necrosis
21
Q
An excess of blood within blood vessels in a
part of
the body.
A
Blood clot
22
Q
An enlargement of a tissue or organ
resulting from an
increase in the size of its individual cells, but
not in the
number of cells
A
Hypertrophy
23
Q
Absence of an organ resulting from failure
of the
appearance of the primordium of an
organ in
embryonic development
A
AGENESIS
24
Q
Complete failure of development of a
structure from
the embryonic development
A
Aplasia
25
Change in which cells of one type are
transformed or
replaced by cells of another type that
normally would
not be located in the particular site
Metaplasia
26
The decrease in size and function of a cell, tissue, organ or whole body
Atrophy
27
Group of similar cells arranged in a
characteristic
manner to perform a particular function
tissue
28
Enumerate diagnostic methods used in the
study of
oral pathology
1. RADIOGRAPH
2. MICROSCOPE
3. ULTRASOUND
4. VISUAL EXAMINATION
5. SIGNS AND SYMPTOM
29
Enumerate the Localized signs of
inflammation
1. DOLOR
2. TUMOR
3. RUBOR
4. CALOR
5. FUNCTIO LAESA
30
Factors that determine the degree of
response toward a stimulant
1. SEVERITY OF INJURIOUS STIMULI
2. REACTIVE CAPABILITY OF THE HOST
31
Enumerate the components of reaction
1. DAMAGE TO THE TISSUES
2. ALTERATION
3. EXUDATION
4. GRANULATION AND REPAIR
32
A process during inflammation in which
white blood
cells tend to move to the periphery of the
blood
vessel at the site of in
MARGINATION
32
A nonspecific response to injury that
involves the
microcirculation and its blood c
INFLAMMATION
33
The ingestion and digestion of particulate
material by
cells.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
34
Fluid with a high protein content that
leaves the
microcirculation during an inflammatory
response
EXUDATE
35
The passage of white blood cells through
the walls of
small blood vessels and into injured tissue
EMIGRATION
36
The movement of white blood cells, as
directed by
biochemical mediators, to an area of
injury
CHEMOTAXIS
36
An elevation of body temperature to
greater than the
normal level of 37 degree Celsius
FEVER
37
Abnormal enlargement of the lymph
nodes.
LYMPHADENOPATHY
38
A type of mutation involving the loss of
genetic material
DELETION
39
Structures found in the center (nucleus)of
cells that carry long pieces of
DNA
CHROMOSOMES
40
The breaking of chromosome in two places
and subsequent rejoining with the middle
piece inverted
INVERSION
41
The 2 general etiologic factors of diseases
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
GENETIC FACTOR
42
Autosomes control both the inheritance of
all an organism’s characteristics and the
sex-linked ones T OR F
FALSE
43
An autosomal recessive disorder means
two copies of an abnormal gene mist bE present in order for the disease or trait to
develop
TRUE
44
Down syndrome is a condition in which a
baby is born with missing
chromosome
FALSE
45
Translocation-the attachment of a broken
piece from one chromosome to another, but non homologous chromosome T OR F
-TRUE
46
Multifactorial traits are very susceptible to
environmental modificationt or f
TRUE
47
Abnormal enlargement of the lymph
nodes
LYMPHADENOPATHY
48
increase in size of a tissue or
organ caused by an increase in
the size of the cells of the part
involved
HYPERTROPHY
49
decrease in size of the cell
compared to a normal one
ATROPHY
50
refers to metabolic disturbances
and deterioration of the cells or
the area immediately
surrounding the cells
DEGENERATIVE CHANGE
51
DEATH OF THE TISSUE
NECROSIS
52
INCREASE FLOW OF BLOOD TO AN AREA
ACTIVE
52
INCREASE BLOOD SUPPLY
HYPEREMIA
53
refers to a decreased outflow of
blood with stagnation of venous
current
Passive
54
Increase in the number of white
blood cells and decrease
number of red blood cell
ANEMIA
55
SOURCES OF INFLAMMATION
1. HEAT
2. RADIATION
3. CHEMICAL AGENT
4. PHYSICAL AGENT
5.PATHOGENIC AGENT
6. TRAUM A
55
The local deficiency of blood
supply to an area
ISCHEMIA
55
Bleeding, circulatory disturbance
caused by injury to capillary
HEMORRHAGE
55
A localized area of ischemic
necrosis caused by occlusion of
the arterial blood supply or
venous drainage
INFARCT
55
vessels to reduce blood loss and
formation of a clot to stop the
bleeding then stimulated by cell
injury and death. local cells release
vasoactive chemicals such as
prostaglandins and histamine to
dilate local blood vessels leading to
increased blood flow to the area. these chemicals also cause endothelial cells in small blood
vessels to contract opening spaces
between them
Vasoconstriction of the local blood
55
FORMATION OF PLUG WITHIN A BLOOD VESSEL
THROMBUS
56
Detached clot from its formation
and transported to a distant site
where it can lodge in a smaller
vessel
EMBOLUS
57
circulating immune cells called
neutrophils move out of the blood
vessels to the site of injury and
destroy pathogens and damaged
cells. chemotaxis begins when cells
at the injury site release messenger
molecules called chemoattractant, which cause local endothelial cells
and circulating neutrophils to stick
together
Chemotaxis
57
A new growth of tissue arising
from existing tissue but grows
independently of it and at its
own rate
NEOPLASIA
58
allows fluids and proteins to pass
from the blood into the tissue next
during a multi-stage process called
chemotaxis
. Increased capillary permeability
58
59
the neutrophils migrate to the injury
site by following a chemotactic
gradient. upon arrival the neutrophils
encounter bacteria engulf them and
digest them in a process called
phagocytosis
60
-neutrophils squeeze through the
endothelial gaps.
diapedesis
61
anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit
inflammation by blocking production
of inflammatory chemicals. the most
common drugs for inflammation are
non-steroidal. anti-inflammatory
drugs or NSAIDs such as aspirin and
ibuprofen they contain an enzyme
called cyclooxygenase or Cox that
inhibits the production of
prostaglandins and several other
inflammatory chemicals thus
reducing vasodilation edema and
pain associated with inflammation. t or f
true
62
Blood flow in blood
vessel slows down
Stasis
63
Blood plasma causing
edema
release histamine
64
excess fluid
accumulates in the tissue
edema
65
squeezing out of the
cells and by ameoboid
movement move into the injured
area
diapedesis
66
ingestion of foreign body
endocytosis
66
excretion of undigested foreign bodies
exocytosis
67
A large - strand- like protein that
forms a sponge-like mesh
fibrin
67
Capable of ingesting and
destroying some but not all
bacteria
neutrophils
68
Can dissolve neutrophil itself if it
dies
Liquefy local cells of host and
insoluble fibrin wall that was laid
down
lysosome
68
localized or walled
off collection of pus
abscess
69
liquefied material
containing dead and dying
neutophils and host cell debris
and is eliminated by the body
pus
70
Appear after the neutrophils
Respond to chemical liberated
by injured cells but more slowly
Are also phagocytic cells but are
larger and are capable of
ingesting larger particles and are
termed MACROPHAGE
MONOCYTES
71
Prime function is to phagocytize
foreign materials, dead cells and
debris at the site of inflammation
Considered the second line of
defense
MACROPHAGES
72
Appear later in the inflammatory
process
Prime function is to recognize
foreign material (antigens) and
to elaborate an immune system
Others convert into plasma cells
which serve to produce
antibodies
The antibody is expressed into
the fluid surrounding the cells
It seeks out foreign proteins and
inactivates them by binding THEM INTO ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES
LYMPHOCYTES
73
Another cell involves in antigen- antibody response, particularly
relating to allergy
Has granules that contain
enzymes capable of digesting
antigen-antibody complexes
EUSINOPHIL
74
young connective
tissue cells that can produce
fibers ususally collagen
FIBROBLAST
74
endothelial cells
(normally line blood vessels) that
bud and form fresh capillaries
ANGIOBLASTS
75
replacement
of injured area with the same
tissue
Repair with scarring (fibrosis)
76
represents dense bundles of
collagen fibers that have been
produces from the granulation tissue
to replace the injured area
SCAR
77
Return of tissue to normal state or
state or repair with a scar
End of inflammation
77
a portion of DNA coded for the synthesis of a specific protein or
polypeptide chain
gene
78
the specific set of genes
carried by an individual
genotype
78
the clinical appearance of
a patient or overt manifestation of this
defect which can be seen, felt, or
measured by laboratory tests
Phenotype
79
traits produced by
many genes at different loci each with
small, additive effect. Also known as
MULTIFACTORIAL OR QUANTITATIVE TRAits
polygenic traits
80
the specific site on a
chromosome occupied by a particular
Gene
loci
81
genes which occupy
homologous loci on homologous
Chromosomes
Alleles
81
one which expresses
its phenotype when it is present in
the homozygous or single gene dose fo
Dominant gene
82
one which expresses its
phenotype when it is present in the
homozygous or double gene dose form
Recessive gene
83
- an individual whose two
alleles at a given locus are Different *different alleles at loci on each homolog
Ex. Yy
heterozygote
84
an individual whose
two alleles at a given locus are identical *same alleles at loci on each homolog
Ex. ZZ
Homozygote
85
genes on the X chromosomes
- traits determined by such genes are
called x-linked or sex-linked
*46 chromosome/23 pairs *22 pairs autosomal chromosome and 1
pair sex chromosome
X-linked
86
occuring in different members
or a family; may or may not be of genetic
etiology
familial
87
present at birth, but not necessarily genetic
familial
88
any chromosome other
than the sex chromosome. Man has 22
pairs of autosome
autosome
88
the nuclear structure
composed of DNA which contains
hereditary units, the genes.
Chromosome
89
a mature germ cell (sperm or
ovum) with a haploid chromosome
number
gamete
90
the fertilized diploid ovum
formed by the union of the haploid egg
with the haploid sperm
zygote
90
the chromosome number of
a normal gamete which contains only one
member of each homologous
chromosome pair
haploid
91
the frequency of
phenotypic expression of a specific gene in
a group of individuals known to carry that
gene
penetrance
91
the degree of severity of
the effect of a gene in individuals with the
same genotype
expressivity
91
a normal-appearing individual
who carries a single recessive gene
together with its normal allele
Carrier
92
the insertion of an
extra chromosome fragment into a
chromosome from its homolog
duplication
92
any gene that is a
causative factor in the initiation of
cancerous growth
Oncogenes
93
the breaking of a
chromosome in two places and
subsequent rejoining with the
middle piece inverted
inversion
94
-the attachment of a
broken piece from one chromosome
to another, but non homologous
Chromosome
translocation
95
-factors originating OUTSIDE the cell -agents which commonly produces
Disease
Exogenous/ External Factors
95
96
96
97
97
97
98
