Oral Muscles Flashcards
Composition of frenum (3)
Do they have musculature? Who studied this?
Non-keratinized, unattached alveolar mucosa, myelinated nerve fiber bundles, and small vascular channels
35% of maxillary frenum have small striated muscle; Gartner 1991
What are the muscles of mastication?
What nerve innervates them?
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
All innervated by trigeminal nerve
What is in the retromylohyoid fossa?
Superior constrictor (posterolateral aspect)
Palatoglossus (posteromedial aspect)
Mylohyoid (medial aspect)
What is in the pterygomaxillary fissure / hamular notch?
- Origin of pterygomandibular raphe
2. Tendon of tensor veil palatini
Muscles of modiolus (7)
Buccinator Levator anguli oris Depressor angluli oris Risorius Orbicularis oris Zygomaticus major Zygomaticus minor
Innervation of tongue?
Motor: XII - Hypoglossal (solely motor function - all extrinsic and intrinsic muscles)
Mucosa anterior 2/3: V3 for sensation. Taste via facial
Mucosa posterior 1/3: IX - Glossopharyngeal for sensation/taste
Innervation of palate
Anterior 1/3 - Nasopalatine
Posterior 2/3 - Greater palatine
Describe the embryological origin of cleft palate
Palatine shelves (lateral palatine processes) fail to fuse with each other or with the primary palate (median palatine processes)
Describe the embryological origin of cleft lip
Median palatine processes fail to fuse with median nasal processes
Physiology of speaking (Martone)
- What are the three physiological valves?
- Mouth
- True vocal folds of the larynx
- Palatopharyngeal region (nasal, oral, and laryngeal pharynx)
Innervation of speech
V: Muscles of soft palate
VII: Muscles of face
IX: Pharnygeal muscles (glossopharyngeal)
X: Vagus (pharyngeal, larynx, soft palate)
XII: Hypoglossal (tongue)
Cranial nerve XII innervates all of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except one. Which one and which nerve does innervate it?
Palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (X)
What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- Genioglossus (XII)
- Hyoglossus (XII)
- Styloglossus (XII)
- Palatoglossus (X)
What are the four intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
- Superior longitudinal muscle
- Inferior longitudinal muscle
- Vertical muscle
- Transverse muscle
The tongue receives blood supply from what artery?
Lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid
What evokes the gag reflex?
- Roof of mouth
- Back of tongue
- Area around tonsils
- Uvula
- Back of throat
What nerves are involved with the gag reflex?
Sensory: CN IX (glossopharyngeal) if pharyngeal touched or CN V if soft palate touched
Motor: CN X (vagus) for pharyngeal constriction CN V (jaw opening) CN 12 (tongue thrust)
The gag reflex involves which muscles?
Brisk and brief elevation of soft palate and bilateral contraction of pharyngeal muscles.
Describe the movements and muscles involved in border molding the maxilla
Anterior: Lip is elevated and extended downward and inward (orbiculares oris)
Buccal frenum: Cheek is elevated and pulled outward, downward, and inward, forward and back. (Orbiculares oris, buccinators, elevator angluli oris)
Posteriolateral: Open wide, move jaw side to side (pterygomandibular raphe, buccinator, sup constrictor, coronoid process, medial pterygoid)
Describe the movements and muscles involved in border molding the buccal aspect of mand
Anterior: Lower lip outward, upward, inward (mentalis and orbiculares oris)
Buccal frenum: Cheek outward, upward, inward, backward and forward (depressor angle oris)
Posteriorly: Cheek is pulled buccal to ensure tissue not trapped
Describe movements and muscles for border molding the lingual aspect of mand
Anterior lingual flange: Tongue protrusion (genioglossus)
Anterior flange thickness (have tongue push against front part of palate)
Posterior lingual flanges: tongue pushes against front part of palate to active mylohyoid and sup constrictor
Inferior edge of both posterior lingual flanges: Palatoglossus
Distal of retromolar pad/masseteric notch: Open wide (pterygomandibular raphe comes forward), then thrust tongue out (genioglossu), on close (masseter pushes on the buccinator to make messeteric notch and medial pterygoids push against the retromylohyoid curtains to make distal end of lingual flange)
Lateral pterygoid
- Origin (1)
- Insertion (1)
- Action
- Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate
- Neck of condyle, disc, and capsule of TMJ
- Depresses, protrudes, moves mandible side to side
Medial pterygoid
- Origin (2)
- Insertion
- Action
- Larger head originates from medial surface of lat pterygoid plate; smaller head originates from pyramidal process of palatine bone and tuberosity
- Medial surface of ramus
- Elevates mandible
Masseter
- Origin
- Insertion (2)
- Action
- Zygomatic arch
- Superficial head inserts into lateral surface of ramus; Deep head inserts into coronoid process of mandible
- Elevates mandible
Temporalis
- Origin
- Insertion (2)
- Action
- Lateral surface of skull
- Coronoid process and anterior border of ramus
- Elevates mandible, posterior part retrudes jaw
Tensor veli palatini
- Origin (2)
- Insertion
- Action (2)
- Sphenoid’s medial pterygoid plate and eustachian tube
- Palatine aponeurosis
- Tenses soft palate and also pulls eustachian tube
Levator veli palatini
- Origin
- Insertion
- Action
- Petrous temporal bone and eustachian tube
- Palatine aponeurosis
- Elevators soft palate
Palatoglossus
- Origin
- Insertion
- Action
- Palatine aponeurosis
- Side of tongue
- Pulls soft palate towards tongue
Palatopharyngeus
- Origin
- Insertion
- Action (2)
- Palatine aponeurosis
- Upper border of thyroid cartilage
- Tenses soft palate and draws pharyngx anteriorly upon swallowing
Uvulae musculus
- Origin (2)
- Insertion
- Action
- Posterior nasal spine and palatine aponeurosis
- Mucuous membrane of uvulae
- Shortens uvulae
