Oral Hygiene Instruction Flashcards
describe the features of healthy gingiva
pink health stippled gingivae with good tone and absence of bleeding on brushing or probing
describe gingivitis
plaque induced inflammation of the gingivae characterised by red, swollen tissues which bleed on brushing or probing
what is the definition of plaque induced gingivitis
inflammatory response of the gingival tissues resulting from bacterial plaque accumulation located at and below the gingival margin
what are single tuft toothbrushes used for
hygiene in places of permanent prosthetic restorations, around dental implants, in places of furcation and interdental niches
what are the different types of electric toothbrushes are there
oscillating rotary
sonic
ultrasonic
ionic
what does the head of the manual toothbrush cover
three neighboring teeth
how large are adult toothbrush heads
23-30mm adults
how large are toothbrush heads in children
18-20mm
function of the neck of the toothbrush
allows for easier head maneuvering, can absorb and spread part of the force used by holding hands
function of the handle of the toothbrush
comfortable and secure grip with anti slip surface
circular cross section
describe the features of the bristles on toothbrush heads
rounded nylon fibres
multitufted
medium soft
small head
replace every 2-3 months
how many bristles on a toothbrush
3-4 rows with 10 bunches per row
what is the diameter of the bristles on toothbrushes
0.4mm
describe the bass technique for toothbrushing
- toothbrush placed under 45 degree angle with bristle tips pointing toward the gingival sulcus
- slight pressure in a way that allows the bristles to enter the gingival sulcus and go slightly below the gumline
- bristles should make short and delicate back and forth movements with minimal displacement of the bushes head
- 20-30 vibrations in one series, around 4-5 series for each tooth group
describe fones method
toothbrush positioned perpendicular to teeth with bristles facing the tooth
slight pressure
head of the brush makes round motions cleaning teeth from both dental arches at the same time
five circular motions for each group
palatal and lingual surfaces are cleaned in complete disclusion, one dental arch at a time
what is leanards method for tooth brushing
vertical brushing
dangerous to periodontium
what is the brushing sequence
start at lingual surface and go from 3 to 4 then do palatal 1 to 2
then buccal 2 to 1 and buccal 4 to 3
what is surface cleaning
cleaning each type of surface in each tooth one by one
what is the solo method cleaning
clean each of the three surfaces of a single tooth and then move on to the next one
how long should each surface be cleaned
minimum 3 seconds
how much fluoride in adult toothpaste
1250-1500ppm
how much fluoride in childrens toothpaste at 6 months old
1000ppm and a grain of rice on toothbrush
how much fluoride on at 3-6 years old
1000-1450ppm, pea
how much fluoride in older than 6 years
1450ppm
what is the main solid component of toothpaste
abrasive and polishing substances
how much of toothpaste is composed of abrasive and polishing substances
25-60%
what are some of the abrasive and polishing substances found in toothpaste
- hydrated dicalcium phosphate
- silica gel, sodium aluminosilicate
- grounded plastics like polystyrene and polyethylacrylate
what substance is found in anti tartar control toothpastr
pyrophosphatase
what is found in toothpastes targeting hypersensitivity
aminofluorides, potassium and strontium salts
what is found in toothpastes treating caries prophylaxis
fluoride compounds
aminofluorides
sodium fluoride
what is found in bactericidal and bacteriostatic fluoride
stannuous fluoride and triclosan
what is found in bleaching toothpaste
carbamide and hydrogen peroxide
how long should a piece of floss be
30-50mm
how long should the floss being used at any one time on a tooth be
4mm
how thick are orange interdental brushes
0.45mm
how thick are red interdental brushs
0.5mm
how thick are blue interdental brushes
0.6mm
how thick are yellow interdental brushes
0.7mm
how thick are green interdental brushes
0.8mm
how thick are purple interdental brushes
1.1mm
how do oral rinses work
they reduce microbial adhesion to the teeth by modification of the tooth surface or impaired expression of surface adhesins
what are the cationic forms of oral rinses
chlorhexidine
zinc ions
cetylpyridinium chloride
what is found in anionic oral rinses
sodium dodecyl sulfate
what is a non ionic agent found in oral rinses
triclosan
what is in eludril and corsodyl
chlorhexidine
what is chlorhexidine
the most effective antiplaque agent with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties
which type of molecules is chlorhexidine more effective at fighting against
gram positive organisms
how does chlorhexidine work
it binds through electrostatic forces to phosphate, carboxyl, sulphate groups on the oral mucosa, on bacteria and in the pellicle
interferes with the normal membrane function of the bacteria causing leakage of cell constituents and precipitation of cell contents
it reduces the metabolic activity of the dental plaque and inhibits enzmes that are essential for microbial accumulation on the tooth surface
what are the side effects of chlorhexidine
discolouration of the teeth
changing of taste
what is fluoride prophylaxis
this is the mechanism of the action of fluoride in protecting the teeth
describe the mechanism of action of fluoride
- replacement of hydroxyapatites by fluoroapatites
- less soluble and more acid resistant
- inhibits bacterial adhesion to tooth tissues by inhibiting glycotransferase, an enzyme that converts glucose into a polysaccharide needed for adhesion
- in high concentration, it is directly toxic to bacteria and inhibits metabolism
list all the functions of fluoride prophylaxis
- bacteriacidal and bacteriostatic
- strengthens the structure of the enamel by forming fluoroapatite
- obliterates dentinal tubules to fight against hypersenstivity
- inhibit the deposition of dental plaque through amine fluorides
what are the systemic modes of fluoride administration
- water fluoridation
- milk
- salt
- dietary fluoride supplements
what are the topical modes of fluoride transmission
- solution
- varnish
- foam
- gels
- dentifrices
- fluoride rinses
- fluoride releasing pit and fissure sealant
