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BDS2: Anatomy > Oral Functions > Flashcards

Oral Functions Flashcards

0
Q

What is the origin of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic arch

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1
Q

How would you test the function of the masseter?

A

Place one finger intra-orally and one on the cheek and ask patient to clench.

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2
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter?

A

Lateral surface of the angle of the mandible

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3
Q

What is the function of the masseter?

A

Elevation of the mandible

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4
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis?

A

The floor of the temporal fossa

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5
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis?

A

Coronoid process and anterior border of ramus

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6
Q

What is the action of the temporalis?

A

Elevates and retracts mandible

Assists in side to side movement of mandible

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7
Q

How would you test the function of the temporalis?

A

Palpate its origin (just above the ear) by asking the patient to clench together.

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8
Q

What is the origin of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Upper - greater wing of sphenoid bone

Lower - lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

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9
Q

What is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Superior belly - intra articular disc

Inferior belly - anterior border of the condyle of the mandible

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10
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Depresses, protracts and creates side to side movement of the mandible.

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11
Q

How would you test the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

It is not possible to accurately palpate this muscle.
Best examined by recording its response to resisted movement.
Place palm underneath chin and ask patient to open and close their mouth.

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12
Q

What is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Superficial head - tuberosity of maxilla

Deep head - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate & palatine bone

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13
Q

What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?

A

Medial surface of angle of the mandible and ramus of the mandible

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14
Q

What is the action of the medial pterygoid?

A

Elevates the mandible.

Assist the lateral pterygoid in moving jaw side to side (protrusion)

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15
Q

What muscles are involved in jaw elevation?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, superior belly of the lateral pterygoid

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16
Q

What muscles are involved in jaw depression?

A

The anterior digastrics, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, inferior belly of the lateral pterygoid

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17
Q

How would you examine the function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Does not respond well to palpation or resistive movement tests.
There is no accurate way to test the function of this muscle.

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18
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Connect the hyoid bone with the mandible & skull.

Elevate the hyoid bone and related structures.

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19
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid

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20
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A 
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
(Trauma SOS)
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21
Q

What’s another name for the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Strap muscles

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22
Q

What anatomical features do the infrahyoid muscles connect?

A

Connect hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and shoulder girdle.

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23
Q

What are the instrinsic tongue muscles and what is their function?

A

Longitudinal, vertical, transverse.
Alter shape.
(LoVe Train)

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24
Q

What are the extrinsic tongue muscles and what is their function?

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus.

Alter shape and position.

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25
Q

What facial muscles help to control food bolus and prevent spillage?

A

Buccinator and orbicularis oris

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26
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

synovial diarthrodial joint - lubricated by synovial fluid & joint space is divided into two separate compartments by means of an intra-articular disc

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27
Q

How would you palpate the TMJ?

A

Intra auricular palpation - Place pinky finger in the ear (external auditory meatus) and apply a gentle forward pressure
Lateral palpation - pre auricular area (in front of tragus of ear)

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28
Q

What is the function of the stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments?

A

Function is not clear but it is thought that they limit lateral movements of the condyle.

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29
Q

What are the two different movements of the TMJ?

A

Rotation - initial openening, hinge movement

Translation - wider opening, sliding, protrusive/retrusive

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30
Q

What is the maximum biting force between molars?

A

200-700N

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31
Q

What factors affect the maximum biting force?

A 
Muscle mass (bigger muscles, larger force)
Parafunction (bruxism)
32
Q

What are the types of muscle fibre?

A

Type I - slow, low forces, fatigue resistant

Type II - fast, stronger forces, fatiguable, subtypes (IIA, IIX, IIB)

33
Q

Where is the greatest biting force generated?

A

Between 1st molars

34
Q

What nerves supply sensorial innervation to the teeth?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve)
Superior alveolar nerve (maxillary branch of mandibular nerve)

35
Q

What stimulates the gag reflex?

A

Mechanical stimulation of fauces, palate, posterior tongue and pharynx

36
Q

What is the purpose of the gag reflex?

A

Acts to prevent material entering the pharynx

37
Q

What can you do to accommodate for patients with an oversensitive gag reflex?

A

Tell patients to wriggle toes or clench fists to distract them.
Impression Material - ensure it is a cold temperature and is not overly runny.
Tell patient to take a deep breath before the treatment.

38
Q

What nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A

Afferent - glossopharyngeal (IX)
Efferent - trigeminal (V), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII)
*basically the last 4 cranial nerves & the trigeminal

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bell’s Palsy?

A 
Smoothing of the forehead
Unable to wrinkle eyebrow
Drooping eyelid & inability to close eye
Inability to puff cheeks; no muscle tone
Drooping mouth; food stuck in cheek
40
Q

What are the five branches of the facial nerve?

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
41
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

42
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Facial paralysis with no other associated causes e.g. tumour, trauma, salivary gland inflammation, LA injection

43
Q

What are the possible causes of Bell’s Palsy?

A

Diabetes
Trauma
Temporary infiltration of LA into the facial nerve during dental treatment
Toxins
Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)
Infections (HSV, cold sores)

44
Q

How would you treat a patient with LA induced Bell’s Palsy?

A

Cover eye with a loose pad until protective blink mechanism returns.
Inform the patient of what has happened.
Reassure patient that it will return to normal.

45
Q

What receptors are responsible for taste?

A

Oral chemoreceptors

46
Q

What receptors are responsible for smell?

A

Nasal chemoreceptors

47
Q

What senses & receptors are present in mucosa (mouth, pharynx) and facial skin?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
Thermoreceptors

48
Q

What is a mechanoreceptor?

A

A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

49
Q

Compare cold and warm thermoreceptors.

A 
Cold:
Increased rate of firing with decreased temp
Found at the dermis-epidermis junction
A-delta and C fibre afferent axons
Warm:
Increased firing with increased temp
Found in the dermis
C fibre afferent axons
50
Q

What is proprioception?

A

‘self-sense’
Awareness of position and orientation of body parts
e.g. allows you to type without looking at the keyboard

51
Q

What receptors contribute to interdental size discrimination?

A

TMJ receptors
Muscle receptors
PDL receptors

52
Q

What is interdental discrimination?

A

Ability to gauge extent of mouth opening
Coordination of masticatory movements
Monitoring size of food particles
Detection of high spots (occlusion)

53
Q

What taste buds are present on the tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae
Foliate papillae
Circumvallate papillae
*there are some tastebuds on the palate and epiglottus

54
Q

What foods do humans have high & low taste thresholds to?

A

Relatively high thresholds - salty, sweet substances

Relatively low thresholds - acidic, bitter substances

55
Q

What is anosmia?

A

A loss of olfactory sense

56
Q

What is oral ‘size illusion’?

A

Things seem bigger in the mouth

57
Q

Perceptions can be shaped by:

A

Learning, memory and expectation

58
Q

Causes of dysphagia

A 
Stroke (unilateral)
Brain injury
Multiple sclerosis
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GORD)
Tumour
59
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing

60
Q

How would you detect if a patient has had a stroke?

A

Compare sensorial and motor functions of each side of the face.

61
Q

What are the three stages of feeding?

A

Ingestion - movement of food from external environment into the mouth
Stage I Transport - moving material from the front of the mouth to the posterior teeth
Mechanical processing - breaking down of solid foods, moist solid foods (e.g. fruit) have fluid removed

62
Q

What muscles are involved in food processing?

A

Muscles of mastication
Supra-hyoid muscles
Tongue muscles
Lips & cheek muscles (buccinator & orbicularis oris)

63
Q

What are the chewing cycle phases?

A
  1. Opening phase - jaw depressor muscles are active
  2. Closing phase - jaw elevator muscles are active
  3. Occlusal phase - mandible is stationary/teeth joined
64
Q

What is the action of the tongue in chewing?

A

Controls the bolus
Gathers food and rotates to reposition the bolus on the occlusal table
Keeps the bolus on the chewing surfaces (along w/ the cheeks)
Moves the bolus from side-to-side of the mouth
Gathers the bolus for transport
Squeeze-back mechanism

65
Q

What is the purpose of mechanical breakdown of food? i.e. chewing

A

Facilitates swallowing
Might improve digestive efficiency in GI tract
*does not require full dentition to be adequate

66
Q

What is the minimum number of teeth required for normal masticatory function?

A

20 teeth - so 10 occluding sets

Shortened dental arch concept (11-15, 22-25)

67
Q

What is dysphasia?

A

Specific language disorder involving damage to particular parts of the brain - Broca’s area & Wernicke’s area.
Results in inability to communicate.

68
Q

What is dysarthia?

A

Difficulty speaking caused by neuromuscular defects with the muscles used in speech. Results in poorly articulated speech.

69
Q

What is a cleft palate?

A

Oral and nasal cavities are not separated as they fail to fuse in utero. Results in speech with a ‘nasal’ quality. Must be repaired or filled with an obturator.

70
Q

How would you test for xerostomia?

A

See if finger sticks to the mucosa

71
Q

What is a mandibular torus?

A

Benign osteoma of the mandible that doesn’t effect the persons health in any way. Becomes a problem when patient requires partial or complete dentures - may be necessary to remove it.

72
Q

What is palatinus torus?

A

Benign osteoma of the hard palate.

73
Q

What are consonants?

A

Letters that involve partial or complete stoppage of airflow when speaking.
Fricatives, plosives & nasals.

74
Q

What are fricatives?

A

Escape of air through constriction

s, f, v, th, ph

75
Q

What are plosives?

A

Sudden release of air after complete stoppage of airflow

p, b, t, d, k, g

76
Q

What are nasals?

A

Air flows through nose.

m, n, ng

77
Q

How is vowel articulation determined?

A

Shape of the lips and position of tongue.

BDS2: Anatomy (2 decks)

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