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Sys Path E1 > Oral cavity and GI tract > Flashcards

Oral cavity and GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

An idiopathic, thin exudate sore with a red rim is called?

A

canker sore

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2
Q

Whats another name for an aphthous ulcer?

A

canker sore

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3
Q

Canker sores are idiopathic. T/F?

A

T

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4
Q

What causes cancer sores?

A

stress, fever, or certain foods

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5
Q

What percent of HSV are asymptomatic?

A

80%

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6
Q

What organism causes HSV in children?

A

acute herpetic gingivostomatitis

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7
Q

Where does HSV lay dormant?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

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8
Q

What organism causes HSV in adults?

A

Recurrent Herpetic Stomatitis

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9
Q

Which HSV is orofacial?

A

HSV-1

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10
Q

Which HSV is genital?

A

HSV-2

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11
Q

Are the 2 types of HSV exclusive to their respective spots on the body?

A

no

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12
Q

What is it called when HSV spreads into the brain?

A

Herpesviral Encephalitis

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13
Q

What are gray/white pseudomembranes that CAN be scraped off describing?

A

thrush

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14
Q

What organism causes Thrush (Oral Candidiasis)?

A

Candida albicans

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15
Q

What percent of newborns have thrush?

A

40%

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16
Q

What nodular mass of the mouth is found following chronic irritation?

A

fibroma

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17
Q

Where are fibromas MC in location?

A

the bite line

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18
Q

What oral lesion is due to hormonal factors and irritation?

A

pyogenic granuloma

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19
Q

What oral lesion is a raised, white patch ass. with cellular dysplasia?

A

Leukoplakia

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20
Q

How do you diagnose Leukoplakia?

A

by exclusion

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21
Q

What % of Leukoplakia is precancerous for squamous cell carcinoma?

A

25%

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22
Q

What oral lesion is described as a red, velvety area?

A

Erythroplakia

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23
Q

What % of Erythroplakia transitions into cancer?

A

> 50%

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24
Q

Oral cancer is ass. with what gene mutation?

A

TP53

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25
Q

What’s the MC type of oral cancer?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (95%)

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26
Q

Describe the tumor pattern of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

A

Commonly have multiple 1° tumors

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27
Q

What are the 2 MC locations of oral cancer?

A

ventral tongue and the floor of the mouth

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28
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma may develop atop a background of what two diseases?

A

leukoplakia or erythroplakia

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29
Q

What’s the MC place for Squamous Cell Carcinoma for met.?

A

cervical lymph nodes

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30
Q

HPV-16 ass. Squamous Cell Carcinoma has a better or worse prognosis?

A

better

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31
Q

Although primary salivary gland diseases are rare, what is the MC location?

A

Parotid gland

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32
Q

Dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), dysarthria(difficulty speaking), and xerostomia are features ass. with what pathology?

A

salivary gland pathologies

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33
Q

What is the autoimmune disease that destroys salivary and lacrimal glands?

A

Sjögren Syndrome

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34
Q

Whats the MC viral infection of the salivary gland?

A

mumps

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35
Q

Whats the blockage/rupture of a salivary duct, where saliva collects within tissue leading to an inflamed cyst?

A

Mucocele

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36
Q

Whats the MC location of a Mucocele?

A

the lower lip

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37
Q

In respect to salivary gland neoplasms, the less common they are, the ____ the risk for cancer.

A

higher

MC- parotid, submandibular, sublingual/ minor salivary -LC

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38
Q

Who do salivary gland neoplasms MC affect?

A

elderly

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39
Q

Pleomorphic Adenoma are MC benign or malignant?

A

benign

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40
Q

What percent of Pleomorphic Adenoma are parotid tumors? what % transition into cancer?

A

60%; 2-10% (Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma)

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of MECHANICAL obstructions of the esophagus?

A

Atresia and tracheal fistula

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42
Q

Whats the main FUNCTIONAL obstruction of the esophagus? and where does it most commonly happen?

A

Achalasia (absent peristalsis); Proximal esophageal dilation

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43
Q

Whats the ‘triad’ for Achalasia?

A
  • Incomplete LES relaxation - Increased LES tone

- Esophageal aperistalsis

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44
Q

Which type of Achalasia is idiopathic?

A

primary

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45
Q

Which type of Achalasia is ass. with inflammation near Auerbach’s plexus??

A

secondary

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46
Q

Whats the pathology that has portal venous congestion leading to portal blood flow to the esophageal venous plexus?

A

Esophageal Varices

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47
Q

Where do Esophageal Varices normally develop?

A

distal esophagus

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48
Q

Esophageal Varices occur secondarily in patients with what?

A

Alcoholic liver disease( 90% of cirrhosis patients)

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49
Q

If an Esophageal Varices hemorrhages, what percentage of bleeds are lethal?

A

50% (hypovolemic shock)

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50
Q

In Esophagitis, symptoms do not correlate well with what?

A

the degree of inflammation

51
Q

Whats the MC causes of Esophagitis?

A

GERD

52
Q

‘Sour brash’ is ass. with what form of Esophagitis?

A

GERD

53
Q

Which form of Esophagitis is acute and self-limiting?

A

chemical

54
Q

Which form of Esophagitis does a fungal infection occur in the immunosuppressed?

A

infectious

55
Q

What’s a longitudinal esophageal tear from forceful vomiting at the GASTROESOPHAGEAL junction called?

A

Mallory-Weiss Tear

56
Q

Which form of a hiatal hernia has a ‘bell shaped’ dilation?

A

axial (MC)

57
Q

Which form of a hiatal hernia does a separate portion of the stomach herniate?

A

non-axial (symptomatic)

58
Q

Hiatal hernias are common in whom?

A

adults

59
Q

90% of hiatal hernias are asymptomatic, but when they do have symptoms it is from what?

A

GERD-like esophagitis (non-axial)

60
Q

A non-neolplastic, intestinal/esophageal metaplasia at the distal esophagus is termed what?

A

Barrett Esophagus (obese, white, males)

61
Q

10% of symptomatic GERD patients have what?

A

Barrett Esophagus

62
Q

What are red, velvety mucosal bands (tongues) ass. with?

A

Barrett Esophagus

63
Q

What is a major complication of Barrett Esophagus?

A

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

64
Q

Whats the MC worldwide esophageal tumor? (90% of all esophageal cancer)

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

65
Q

Eating fruits and veggies decreases the risk of what Esophageal Tumors?

A

adenocarcinoma

66
Q

Esophageal Adenocarcinomas develop where in the esophagus?

A

the distal 1/3

67
Q

Where in the esophagus do Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma occur?

A

middle 1/3

68
Q

Stomach mucosal ulcerations that lead to hemorrhage will see what symptoms?

A

Hematemesis “coffee grounds” vomit and melena (black, “tarry” feces)

69
Q

Which form of gastritis has acute onset, transient mucosal inflammation, and is multifactorial?

A

acute gastritis

70
Q

What has a dose-dependant relationship with NSAIDs?

A

Acute Gastritis

71
Q

What are 4 complications with Acute Peptic Ulceration?

A
  • severe PHYSIOLOGICAL stress
  • high dose of NSAIDs
  • Cushings ulcers
72
Q

What organism is ass. with Chronic Gastritis?

A

Helicobacter pylori

73
Q

The presence of Chronic Gastritis causes a 5x increase of producing what?

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma

74
Q

What pathology has solitary “punched-out” lesions in the proximal duodenum?

A

peptic ulcer disease

75
Q

Who’s MC has PUD? and what organism causes it 70-90% of the time?

A

males; H. pylori

76
Q

Only ___% of people that are infected with H. pylori actually get PUD.

A

5-10%

77
Q

When does PUD MC cause pain?

A

at night & 1-3 hrs. postprandial (after eating)

78
Q

What are gastric polyps ass. with?

A

chronic gastritis

79
Q

What pathology is 90% of all stomach cancers?

A

Gastric Adenocarcinomas

80
Q

What type of prognosis do Gastric Adenocarcinomas have?

A

poor, 5 years survival

81
Q

What population of people MC get Gastric Adenocarcinomas?

A

Japanese

82
Q

What pathology is ass. with Projectile vomiting? and how is it treated?

A

Pyloric Stenosis; pyloromyotomy (sphincter is cut)

83
Q

What location are Intestinal Obstructions MC?

A

SI

84
Q

What pathology is ass. with the rules of 2s?

A

Meckel Diverticulum (2 inches long, 2% of pop., males at 2x risk, 2% are symptomatic)

85
Q

What disease is a lack of neurologic ganglia in the rectum that obstructs the bowel?

A

Hirschsprung Disease

86
Q

How do you diagnosis Hirschsprung Disease?

A

failure to pass meconium (48 hrs.)

87
Q

Hirschsprung Disease is MC in _____ but more severe in _____.

A

males; females

88
Q

Ischemic Bowel Disease affects what 3 arteries?

A
  • Superior mesenteric
  • Inferior mesenteric
  • Celiac
89
Q

What form of Ischemic Bowel Disease has episodic bloody diarrhea, mimics IBD?

A

chronic

90
Q

What form of Ischemic Bowel Disease has sudden/severe abdominal pain (rigidity), nausea, vomiting, frank blood in stool?

A

acute

91
Q

What pathology does this describe… IDIOPATHIC submucosal and mucosal vessels that are tortuous, malformed dilations?

A

Angiodysplasia

92
Q

Where are Angiodysplasia located?

A

the cecum (MC) or ascending colon

93
Q

A thinned wall varicose from high intra-abdominal pressure and frank blood in stool, also ass. with liver cirrhosis?

A

hemorrhoids

94
Q

Difference beween int. and ext. hemorrhoids?

A

int- above anorectal line

ext- below anorectal line

95
Q

What describes excessive fat in feces

causing bulky, frothy, greasy, yellow/gray diarrhea?

A

Steatorrhea

96
Q

What describes bloody diarrhea painful, may be of small volume?

A

Dysentery

97
Q

What disease is a immune mediated VILLOUS ATROPHY from wheat, barely, and rye? What % of US and Europeans have it?

A

Celiac Disease; 1%

98
Q

Whats it called when celiac disease manifests on the skin? what cells does it recruit?

A

Dermatitis Herpetiformis; neutrophils

99
Q

What autoimmune pathology flattens villi as a response to antibiotic, stunting growth? MC affects who?

A

Environmental Enteropathy tropical sprue; children 2-3

100
Q

What type of Lactose Intolerance is MC? what test is ass. with it?

A

acquired (during childhood); breath hydrogen test

101
Q

What microbial infection is a major global heath problem but not so much in the US?

A

Infectious Enterocolitis

102
Q

Cholera opens the ____, leading to massive chloride ion secretion.

A

CFTR

103
Q

Whats the MC bacterial enteric pathogen in US? whats it from?

A

Campylobacter Enterocolitis; enterotoxins in contaminated chicken

104
Q

An antibiotics disrupting intestinal flora causing Clostridium difficile to overgrow in colon?

A

Pseudomembranous Colitis

105
Q

Pseudomembranous contain what 2 things?

A

Cellular debris and leukocytes

106
Q

Half of all gastroenteritis cases are form what pathology?…what affects children? adults?

A

Viral Gastroenteritis;
children- rotavirus;
adults- norovirus

107
Q

What parasitic disease alters SI enzymes, resists cold and chlorine, and is nicknamed ‘Beaver fever’?

A

Giardia lamblia

108
Q

Acquired diverticulum in the colon that may become infected via hemorrhage?

A

Sigmoid Diverticulitis

109
Q

What sensation do people with Sigmoid Diverticulitis have?

A

Tenesmus (sensation of inadequate BM)

110
Q

Who gets Sigmoid Diverticulitis and how are they treated?

A

50% of people > age 60; modify diet to have more fiber

111
Q

Does IBS have cellular abnormalities?

A

no, just alters bowel habits

112
Q

Where is Crohns disease and what does it effect?

A

in ileum; transmural

113
Q

Where is Ulcerative Colitis and what does it effect?

A

in rectum; mucosa and submucosa

114
Q

What disease is ass. with ‘skip lesions’? how common is it?

A

Crohn Disease’ 1:500 people get it

115
Q

What disease ass. with pseudopolyps, has decreased incidence from smoking?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

116
Q

What disease has grossly bloody and mucoid ‘stringy’ stools?

A

Ulcerative Colitis

117
Q

What autosomal dominant disease with numerous adenomas, is MC before the age of 30, and 100% of them develop colon cancer?

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

118
Q

What % of the US population develops colorectal cancer?

A

5%

119
Q

What is the MC form of colorectal cancer? and why does it occur?

A

Colorectal Adenocarcinoma (80%); because of a highly processed diet with little fiber

120
Q

What is the MC place for the Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to mets?

A

the liver

121
Q

Although Neoplasms of the Small Intestine are rare where are the MC located?

A

duodenum (50% adenocarcinomas, 50% carcinoid tumors)

122
Q

Whats the MC acute abdominal condition? ass. with what pain?

A

Acute Appendicitis; RLQ tenderness

123
Q

What disease is common caused by obstruction and if ruptured, mortality is high?

A

Appendicitis

124
Q

Whats the MC tumor of the Appendix?

A

carcinoid

Sys Path E1 (2 decks)

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