Oral Flashcards
Lines the parallel equator
Latitude
Marked with minutes each tic on latitude line equals 1 min, dash 5 min and box 30minutes
Lines extending from north to South Pole
Longitude
0 degrees passes though Greenwich England
Each tic represents 1min, dash 5min and box 30 minutes
If cruising altitude is between 0 and 179 what should your altitude be ?
Odd altitude plus 500
3500, 5500, 7500 ft
If cruising between 180 and 359 then cruising altitude should be
Even altitude plus 500 ft
4500, 6500
What controls pitch and which axis does the plane rotate about
Pitch
Elevator
Which component controls yaw and about which axis does it rotate
Rudder
Vertical Axis
Which component controls roll and which axis does the plane rotate about ?
Ailerons
Longitude Axis
Minimum Safe Altitude
- Congested
- Non-congested
- Sparsely populated areas
- 1000ft above closest obstinate within 2000ft
- 500 ft above surface
- Not within 500 ft of person vessel or vehicle
What is a convective signet ?
What conditions are Convective signet issued for ?
What is area it is issued for ?
How often is it updated?
- Hazardous Weather to All Aircraft
- Surface winds above 50 knots
Hail larger than 3/4 diameter
Tornados and Embedded thunderstorms - East, Central or West
- Issued every 4 hours
What is a Signet?
What is it issued for ?
How often is it issued ?
Significant meteorological information concerning for all aircraft
Issued for sever icing, sever turbulence, and IFR conditions
What is an Airmet ?
What is an airmen’s issued for ?
How often is it issued?
Weather conditions hazardous to light aircraft
types
Sierra: for IFR conditions less than 3 miles visibility or ceiling less than 1000ft over 50% of an area
Zulu: moderate Icing
Tango: moderate Turbulence, strong winds more than 30 knots and wind shear
Issued every 6 hours
What is the basic med limitations and requirements?
How long is it good for ?
Type of medical certification
Limitations are less than 18,000 ft, less than 250 knots, no more than 6 people including pilot, max take off weight 6000 lbs, not for commercial
Good for 48 months, must complete training every 24 months
Compass Errors
Variation
Deviation
Variation: difference between true and magnetic north
Deviation: error caused by magnetic fields of airplane electronics
What happens when you
Turn from North heading ?
Turn from south heading ?
NOSE
North indicate a turn in opposite direction
South compares exaggerates the rate of turn
Indicated Altitude
Altitude indicates by altimeter
Pressure Altitude ?
Height above the standard datum plane when altimeter is adjusted to standard sea level pressure 29.92
Can be read by setting altimeter to 29.92
Density Altitude
Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature
True Altitude
The actual height above sea level
Absolute altitude
Actual height above the earths surface
What are gyroscopic instruments?
Attitude Indicator (wings on horizon)
Heading Indicator
Turn Coordinator
Special Use Air Space description and requirements (blue line and single line of dots)
Requested to avoid flight below 2,000 ft to avoid disturbing birds
Protected airspace description and requirements
Purple line with two dots
Pilots are prohibited by NOAA from flying below the noted altitude usually 1000 to 2000 ft AGL
Prohibited description and requirements
Blue Line with perpendicular blue lines extending inward
Example is the Boundary Waters the elevation limit of this can be verified in ForeFlight by holding down over area and selecting details
Flight is not permitted in this area
Restricted Area description and requirements
Blue Line with perpendicular lines extending inward
VFR flight is not permitted without prior ATC approval
Warning Area description and requirements
blue line with perpendicular lines extending inward
VFR flight does not require prior approval but recommended due to potentially hazardous conditions
Alert Area
Purple line with perpendicular lines extending inward
VFR flight does not require ATC approval but should be alert due to high volume of training flights
MOA Military Operation Area
Purple line with perpendicular lines extending inward
VFR pilot may fly though active MOA but advise to exercise extreme caution. Recommend to check with ATC before entering
MOA VR259 watch out for
High speed flight above 1500 agl
MOA vR1650 watch out for?
High Speed flight below 1500 AGL
NAtional Security Area NSA
Thick purple dashed line
Found around government and military operations
Flight can be prohibited by NOTAm and flight below a certain elevation may be requested to be avoided
What is a TFR and how do you know about it
Temporary Flight Restriction
Know about it’s requirements by checking the specified notam
What is the ADIZ, where is it located and what are the requirements
ADIZ Air Defense Identification Zone
Surround the nations eastern and western boarders
Requires a IFR or Defense VFR flight plan, mode c transponder Similar to B and C airspace, position reports prior to entering, two way radio communications and N numbers
What is the DC FRZ? How big is the FRZ?
DC FRZ
Washington DC special flight rules area
15 nm of DCA VOR/DME
You can legally fly into the DC FRZ but a special background check has to be completed and special procedures must be followed
What are elements related to a lost procedure ?
- Continue to Fly Original Heading a watch for recognize land marks
- Plot a point based on estimated distance from last check point based on time and heading draw a circular of error around point approximately 15 nm
- Continue straight ahead watching for land marks
- If this fail turn towards a concentration of land marks
- Climb to gain a better view of surrounding
- Contact ATC and request help
How do you calculate the CG with known weight, arm
Calculate the total moment
CG= moment / total weight
When request and outlook weather briefing ?
Outlook weather briefing is selected when the briefing is requested more than 6 hours before proposed departure time
When to request a standard weather briefing ?
A standard weather briefing should be selected to supplement other forecasts or to update a previous briefing
When to request a standard weather briefing ?
Request a standard weather briefing when there is less than 6 hours to the proposed departure for a complete weather briefing
Where can you get inflight weather forecasts ?
- Contacting Flight Service Stations
2. ADS-B
What information do you need to provide when calling for a weather briefing ?
- Aircraft Identify or Name
- Intended Route departure and destination
- Type of Aircraft
- When you intend to fly
What effect does High and Low density altitude have on propeller efficiency?
Propeller efficiencies decreases as the density altitude increases
Low density altitude = high propeller efficiency
High density altitude = low propeller efficiency
What are the pitot static instruments
Airspeed Indicator
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator
What are the gyroscopic instruments ?
Altitude Indicator (wings on horizon shows rate of turn and if the nose is pointed up or down
Turn Coordinator
Heading Indicator
Vacuum powered instruments
Heading Indicator
Attitude Indicator
Suction Gage
What is electrically powered instrument /gage
The turn coordinator
What is the difference between an accident and incident ?
Accident is an occurrence in which any person suffers serious injury, death or the aircraft receives substantial damage
Accidents must be reported to NTSB within 10 days
Incident is an occurrence other than accident
Incident must be reported if requested by NTSB
Immunity can be granted by self reporting to ASRS aviation safety report system
Effects of having the CG too far forward or aft
Forward: not able to rotate nose up for take off or flare for landing
Aft: increased potential for stalls
7700
Emergency and set radio to 21.5
7600
Radio Failure
7500
Hijacking
7777
Military Intercept
Airspeed Limitations below 10,000 feet and in class B and C airspace
250 knots below 10,000 feet
200 knots in Class C and B airspace
What does ARROW stand for
Airworthiness Registration Radio License Operating Limitations Weight and Balance
PAVE
Pilot (IMSAFe)
Aircraft (Preflight)
V Environment
External Pressure
IMSAFE
Illness
Medication
Stress
Fatigue
Emotions
AV1ATE
Annual 12 calendar month
VOR
100 hour
Altimeter 24 months
Transponder 24 months
ELT 12 months battery when at 50% capacity or used for more than 1 hour
ATOMATOFLAMES
Airspeed Tach Oil pressure Manifold pressure Altimeter Temp Oil Temp Fuel Landing Gear Indication Anti-collision lights Magnetic Compass Safety Belt
FLAPS Night Require Equipment
Fuses Landing Light Anti-collision Lights Position Lights Source of Electricity
FAA Advisory Circular 60 is for
Airman
FAA Advisory Circular 70 is for
Airspace
FAA Advisory Circular 90 is for
Airspace and Operating Rules
FAA Advisory Circular 20-50 is for
Aircraft
What allows pilots to perform preventative maintenance?
CFR 14 part 43
How long is a medical good for ?
Class 1 , class 2 and Class 3
Class 1 for Airline Transporter Pilot
Under 4O
12 calendar months
40 & Older
6 calendar months
Class 2 Commercial Operations
Under 4O
12 calendar months
40 & Older
12 calendar months
Class 3 Private Pilot
Under 4O
60 calendar months
40 & Older
24 calendar months
Compass error accelerating and decelerating on heading of east or west
ANDS
Accelerate turn North
Decelerate turn South
What color are taxi way lights and paint
Blue Lights Yellow Paint
What color are runway lights ?
White
What is a REL and what color is it
Runway Edge Lights are white and they illuminated the threshold
What is hypoxia?
What are Symptoms?
What actions Should be taken ?
Lack of Oxygen in the blood stream typically caused by the reduced barometric pressure at altitude
Headache, sweating, blue fingers and lips, feeling euphoric, sleepiness, personality changes and impaired judgement
Begin controlled descent or using supplemental oxygen
For optimum protection use oxygen above 10000 ft day and 5000 ft at night
What is hyperventilation?
What is symptoms ?
Why action can be taken?
Breathing rate that is too rapid and too deep
Drowsiness, muscle spasms, rapid heart rate, hot and cold sensation, nausea, confusion
Actions Slow breathing by talking or breathing into a bag
What does CFR stand for
Code of Federal Regulation
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Due to lack of oxygen in atmosphere
Anemic Hypoxia
Occurs when there is sufficient oxygen in the lungs but the blood Stream is not able to carry it
Cause by CO poisoning
Greater risk due to smoking or donating blood
Stagnant Hypoxia
Oxygen is in the blood but circulating thought the body is below normal
Caused by high positive gforce
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Due to bodies inability to take oxygen it needs from the blood stream
Causes due to drugs and alcohol
Middle Ear and Sinus Problems
Pain and discomfort in ear or sinus cavities
Caused by air trapped in the cavities and changes in pressure due to changing elevation
Treatment climb to higher altitude and descend gradually, chewing swallowing and yawning
Spacial Disorientation
Most likely to happen at night or in marginal VFR conditions when the brain receives messages that contradict what the body receives
Graveyard Spiral prolong turn fluid semi canals stops moving creating illusion no longer turning
Coriolis Illusion rapid head movement puts more fluid in one semi canal than the other creating feeling of rotating
Lean after abrupt recover semicircular camel sense lean in the opposite direction
False Horizon
Action Rely on the instruments and be aware of the conditions that encourage the occurrence
Motion Sickness
Airsickness symptoms dizziness, nausea, sweating paleness and vomiting
Actions sit back and relax or focus outside the aircraft
CO poisoning
Anemic Hypoxia
Symptoms loss of muscle power, headache, nausea, confusion and dizziness
Actions turn of heater and open the window if possible use supplemental oxygen
Stress Overload
Stress Management
1 physical fitness
2 recognize and avoid heavy pressures
3 realistic assessment of self and abilities
4 avoid stressful situations and encounters
Fatigue
Effect
Increases pilot error symptoms lack of attention, concentration, impaired coordination and decreased ability to communicate
Corrective actions
Get plenty of rest
Dehydration
Symptoms: nausea, dizziness, headache, tiredness and cramps
Action Drink plenty of water
Scuba Diving time requirement after the last dive
Below 8,000 ft 12 hour for no decompression stops and 24 hours for decompression stops
Above 8000 ft minimum 24 hours after the last dive
Alcohol time from last drink and maximum blood alcohol content
FAR prohibit flight within 8 hours and with a blood alcohol content above 0.04
Drugs
Do not fly when taking any medication unless it is appoved by FAA or Medical Examiner
What are three Night Visual Illusions
Autokinesis staring at a single bright light causes it to move on its own prevent by scanning and referencing instruments
Night myopia night induced nearsightedness prevent by focus on distance light
False Horizon from obscured horizon my focus on stars or bright lights as horizon
Required equipment for night flight
Working Flashlight
Fuel requirements day and night
Day 30 minutes extra at cruise speed
Night 45 minutes extra at cruise speed
Type of aircraft lighting required at night
Position Lighting red on left wing green on right wing and white on tail
Anti-collision Lights beacon light on the tail
Partial Power Loss Cause and Action
Carburetor Icing turn on Carburetor Heat
Fuel Air Mixture too lean adjust mixture for full power
Bad magneto caught on run up
Fuel contamination catch on preflight
Overheat cause and action
Lean mixture or climbing at too steep a rate
Or loss of oil pressure which is used to cool the engine
First sign of carburetor icing
Decrease in engine rpm
Electrical Malfunction How to notice and action required
Catch by looking for discharging ammeter
Actions reduce electrical load, verify alternator circuit
Loss of vacuum pressure cause the malfunction of
Heading indicator
Attitude indicator
Smoke or fire in engine compartment
Shut off fuel and begin emergency landing
Electrical Fire noticed by smoke coming from instrument panel
Turn off master switch, extinguish fire and land as soon as possible
What to do if a door or wind comes open
Continue flying the plane if needed land the plane and then close the window or door
What are the two types of NOTAMS
Notice to Airmen
NOTAM (D) disseminated for all navigation facilities part of US air space
NOTAM (FDZ) contains regulatory information such TFR and amendments to aeronautical charts
Why does FARS stand for
Federal Aviation Regulations
