Oral Flashcards
A process of giving and receiving information, thoughts, ideas and feelings between a human source and
a human receiver using the words, symbols, or actions.
Communication
conveys the message or the origin. They are also called as the encoders of message
as they convert their thoughts into symbols or observable signals such as words
Source/ Senders
the one who receives the message. They are also called as decoders. The receiver’s
interpretation and reception of the message is influenced by the same four factors that influence the
sender of the message.
Receiver
are the ideas or thoughts that are transmitted from sender to receiver. The proper reception
of the message depends on correct interpretation by the receiver of the symbols sent of the sender
Message
or field of experience of both sender and receiver, there is a much bigger chance of correct
interpretation of message, and lesser chance of communication breakdown
Schema
occurs when the
message or feedback is not sent or received properly
Communication Breakdown
what the message contains
Message Content
the language, gestures, facial expressions, and the body movement used by the
source or communicator.
Elements
how the sender delivers the message
entertaining, funny, authoritative, firm, etc.
The communicator’s treatment of the message
the arrangement of the message for maximum effect depending on
the goals of the sender.
Structure of the message
the form in which the message is sent (e.g., language, facial expressions
or body language, dance, song, etc)
Code of the message
the means or medium by which a message is sent. Usually, it is the air around the sender and
the receiver
Channel
Comes from the environment
Physical Noise
originates from emotional state, mental state, and psychological makeup
Psychological Noise
bodily conditions that compromise the ability of a person to send or receive
messages
Physiological Noise
refers to anything relates to words that distorts or masks a message and confuses
the listener.
Semantic Noise
refers to the message transmitted by the receiver in response to the message of the speaker.
Feedback also enables the sender to make adjustments to the signals or message they sent, such as
improving pronunciation of words or speaking louder.
Feedback
the environment where communication takes place
Context
the factors that affect the flow of communication (e.g. noise, use of jargon, lack of confidence,
emotional barriers.
Barrier
3 communication models
Linear model, Interactive Model, Transactional Model
this model shows a straight path relaying information
Linear Model
This model takes into consideration feedback from the receiver; which makes the communication
a more interactive, two-way process
Interactive Model
Developed in 1970s by Dean Barlund, shows communication as occurring continuously and
simultaneously between or among people.
Transactional Model
When messages or information is exchanged or communicated through words.
Verbal Communication
the language that you use should be appropriate to the
environment or occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal).
Appropriateness
speakers who often use simple yet precise and powerful words are found to
be more credible.
Brevity
the meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be interpreted differently by a
listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly state your message and express your
ideas and feelings.
Clarity
words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the gender, roles,
ethnicity, preferences, and status of the person or people you are talking to.
Ethics
words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings usually add
color and spice to communication. Hence, you are encouraged to find ways to charm
your audience through the use of vivid words
Vividness
When messages or information is exchanged or communicated without using any spoken or
written word.
Non-Verbal Communication
Keypoints in effective communications
Human communication is complex
Involves communicating with a person or group of people who may not share the same
assumptions, values, allegiances as that of yours.
Intercultural communications
The awareness that people have varying cultures
and that the similarities and differences of these
cultures affect the values, behavior, and learning
of people.
Cultural Sensitivity
The lack of cultural sensitivity
Cultural Insensitivity
The “invisible” aspects of our culture lead us to assume our communication
style and way of behaving is how “everyone” communicates and behave
Assumption of
similarities
Speaking a non-native language can easily lead to miscommunication.
Language differences
We send and receive wordless messages through body language, facial
expression, and eye contact.
Nonverbal
misinterpretations.
Culture influences the way we see the world
Preconceptions and
stereotypes.
When we hear communication or observe behavior, we tend to interpret the
message or the action through our cultural lens
Tendency to evaluate
Not understanding what is appropriate or expected can raise our anxiety level
High anxiety
Communication, whether verbal or non-verbal, can be thought of as?
Tool
Communication as a human activity always serves a function
Communication Functions
Communication can be used to control the behavior of?
Human Being
A rule or directive made and maintained by an authority
Regulation
The power to influence or direct people’s behavior or course of events
Control
“Ties of union are created by a mere exchange of words.”
-Bronislaw Malinowski
is probably the most natural result of communication.
Social Interaction
is one of the most basic functions of human communication
Motivation as a function of communication
is a person who specializes in making speeches usually offer words of
encouragement, can interact with all sorts of people, relate with them, and express his or her idea clearly
and effectively.
Motivational speakers
A person is exposed to several communication texts in their everyday life, and these contexts can be
either
interpersonal or Intrapersonal
This refers to communication between and among people and establishes personal relationship between
and among them.
Interpersonal
This refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and
the receiver of message.
Intrapersonal
Types of interpersonal context
Dyad communication and Small Group
Communication that occurs between
two people
Dyad communication
Communication that involves at least three
but not more than twelve people engaging
in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
desired goal.
Small Group
This is another type of speech context that involves communicating to a wide group of people with very
varied traits, background, interests, and persuasions.
Public
are patterns or ways of speaking characterized by distinctive
pronunciation, vocabulary, intent, participants and grammatical structures
Speech styles or language registers
Take place between persons of close alliances/relationships such as family members, best friends
and couples.
Intimate
Conversational style used among peers and friends.
Casual
Typically takes place between professionals such as doctors and lawyers and patients and clients.
Consultative
This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way.
Formal
Also called as static speech style.
Frozen
is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect; acts done by saying
them.
Speech Act
Types of speech act
Locutionary Act, Illocutionary Act and Perlocutionary act
is the actual act of
uttering (what is said literally)
Locutionary Act
is the social function of what is
said. The acting part of the speech act - The very action
done by saying something
illocutionary Act
is the resulting act of
what is said
Perlocutionary Act
Searle’s Classifications of Speech Act
Assertive, Directive, Commisive, Expressive, and Declaration
a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a
proposition
Assertive
a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform
an action
Directive
a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the
future
Commisive
a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or
emotional reactions
Expressive
a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply
put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to
Declaration
