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Biology Option D > Option D1 > Flashcards

Option D1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Essentia

What is a nutrient?

A

A chemical substance found in foods that is used in the human body

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2
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water

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3
Q

What are essential nutrients?

A

Are those that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be ingested as part of the diet

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4
Q

What is a non-essential nutrient?

A

Can be made by the body or have a replacement nutrient which serves the same dietary purpose

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5
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

Health condition caused by a deficiency, imbalance or excess of nutrients in the diet

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6
Q

How is malnutrition caused?

A

Improper dietary intake of nutrients, inadequate utilization of nutrients by the body

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7
Q

How can the energy content of food be measured?

A

Burning a sample of known mass and measuring the energy released via calorimetry

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8
Q

What is the equation for calculating the energy content in food?

A

Energy (joules) = Mass of water (g) × 4.2 (J/gºC) × Temperature increase (ºC)

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9
Q

What are the three most common sources of energy?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and fats

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10
Q

Which of carbohydrates, lipids, and fats is most preferentially used as energy source

A

Carbohydrates are preferentially used as an energy source because they are easier to digest and transport. Lipids can store more energy per gram but are harder to digest and transport. Protein metabolism produces nitrogenous waste products which must be removed from cells

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11
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Monomeric building blocks from which proteins are constructed

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12
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Cannot be produced by the body and must be present in the diet

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13
Q

What are non-essential amino acids?

A

Can be produced by the body and are therefore not required as part of the diet

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14
Q

What are conditionally non-essential amino acids?

A

Can be produced by the body, but at rates lower than certain conditional requirements. They are essential at certain times only

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15
Q

What is phenylketonuria

A

Is a genetic condition that results in the impaired metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

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16
Q

What type of genetic disease is phenylketonuria?

A

It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a mutation to the gene encoding the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase

17
Q

What is the function of phenylalanine hydroxylase?

A

Converts excess phenylalanine within the body into tyrosine

18
Q

What does phenylalanine hydroxylase do with people that have PKU?

A

The excess phenylalanine is instead converted into phenylketone

19
Q

What is the result of the production of phenyl ketone?

A

Toxic build up in urine

20
Q

What are the consequences of untreated PKU?

A

Brain damage and mental retardation, as well as other serious medical problems

21
Q

How is PKU treated?

A

Enforcing a strict diet that restricts the intake of phenylalanine to prevent its build up within the body

22
Q

What are the 2 fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by body?

A

Alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid)

23
Q

Why cant they be synthesized?

A

Humans lack the enzyme required to introduce double bonds at the required position of the carbon chain

24
Q

How are fats and cholesterol transported?

A

They are packaged with proteins

25
Q

What do LDLs do?

A

They carry cholesterol from liver to body?

26
Q

What do HDLs do?

A

Carry excess cholesterol back to the liver for disposal

27
Q

What is the effect of ingesting saturated fats?

A

Increase LDL levels within the body, raising blood cholesterol levels

28
Q

What is the effect of ingesting trans fats?

A

Increase LDL levels and lower HDL levels, significantly raising blood cholesterol levels

29
Q

What is the effect of ingesting cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Increase in HDLs which will decrease blood cholesterol levels

30
Q

What do high levels of cholesterol lead to?

A

Atherosclerosis

31
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Vitamins are organic molecules with complex chemical structures that are quite diverse and hence categorized by groups

32
Q

What is the difference between water and fat soluble vitamins?

A

Water soluble vitamins need to be constantly consumed as any excess is lost in urine. Fat soluble vitamins can be stored within the body

33
Q

What are the functions of vitamins?

A

Cofactors, antioxidants or hormones

Biology Option D (1 decks)

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