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Chem Energy Option > Option C > Flashcards

Option C Flashcards

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1
Q

Good energy source

A

Contains a large amount of potential energy, released or converted at a reasonable rate, minimal pollution and unwanted products

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2
Q

What does quality of energy mean?

A

Can be considered as the cost per unit energy, efficiency of conversion

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3
Q

Efficiency of producing electricity from burning coal

A

30% of the available thermal energy becomes electricity. According to the IEA, the cost efficiency of burning coal is 7% less than from gas and 19% less than from nuclear sources.

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4
Q

International Energy Agency

A

An autonomous organization that works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its member countries and beyond

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5
Q

Entropy

A

The distribution of available energy among the particles. The more different ways the energy can be distributed, the higher the entropy, and the less energy is available to do useful work.

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6
Q

Quality degradation

A

All energy conversions undergo this as some of the energy is lost as heat: no transfer of energy is ever 100% efficient.

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7
Q

How does quality of energy impact the efficiency of the fuel?

A

The more the quality of energy is degraded, the less efficient the fuel is.

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8
Q

What is the equation of energy transfer?

A

(useful output energy)/(total input energy) x 100%

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9
Q

Define energy density

A

a useful measure of the quality of a fuel, that compares the energy released per unit volume of fuel

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10
Q

What is the equation for energy density?

A

(energy released from fuel)/(volume of fuel consumed)

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11
Q

Do energy densities or specific energies ever have negative values?

A

No because they are both defined as energy released.

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12
Q

Define specific energy

A

The energy contained per unit mass of a fuel

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13
Q

What is the equation for specific energy?

A

(energy released from fuel)/(mass of fuel consumed)

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14
Q

How much power can be provided by one kilogram of coal burnt?

A

It can power a 100W light bulb for about 4 days

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15
Q

How much power can be provided by one kilogram of natural gas burnt?

A

It can power a 100W light bulb for about 6 days

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16
Q

How much power can be provided by one kilogram of U-235 reacted?

A

It can power a 100W light bulb for about 140 years

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17
Q

What is the IRENA?

A

The International Renewable Energy Agency from Abu Dhabi was founded in 2009 to promote increased adoption and sustainable use of renewable energy sources (bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy)

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18
Q

What are some renewable energy sources?

A

Green energy sources: solar, wind, biomass, water, geothermal, and fuel cells

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19
Q

Geothermal energy

A

One of the more widely used commercial forms of green energy. It has an efficiency of 23%.

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20
Q

Storing energy from photosynthesis

A

The harnessing of energy from the sun by photosynthesis enables the emergence of large organisms. As these organisms died out, the strong C-C and C-H bonds in them remained intact and these are our main supply of energy today.

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21
Q

How does energy drive development?

A

The drive of energy has meant that much collaboration and technical development is needed to harness energy safely.

22
Q

What type of redox reaction is the formation of fossil fuels from decaying organisms?

A

Reduction: a loss or O atoms or a gain of H atoms is called oxidation

23
Q

What happens chemically during the formation of fossil fuels?

A

Carbon atoms become more and more saturated with hydrogen and have fewer bonds to nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen than existed in living form. These bonds are generally more stable.

24
Q

What are the different octane ratings and their functions?

A

Research Octane Number is used in Europe, South Africa, and Australia. The Motor Octane Number is used in motor sports applications. The pump octane number is the average of the RON and the MON and is used in North America.

25
Q

What is the function of catalytic reforming?

A

Used to convert low-octane numbered alkanes such as heptane of octane into higher-octane numbered isomers such as methylbenzene or 2,2,4-trimthylpentane.

26
Q

What is an octane rating?

A

A measure of the fuel’s ability to resist auto-ignition (the lower the rating, the worse the resistance)

27
Q

How are straight chain alkanes isomerized?

A

By heating with a platinum catalyst; their chains break apart and reform, increasing the proportion of branched alkanes. The products are passed over zeolite which works as a sieve to separate the branched and unbranched chains.

28
Q

How are the alkanes, after made into branches, reformed into an aromatic (alternating ring of single and double bonds with carbon) compounds?

A

Using a platinum catalyst with aluminum oxide, or other metal catalysts, deforms and dehydrogenates the alkane into an aromatic compound. Ex) Heptane converted into methylbenzene and hydrogen.

29
Q

What is reforming the summative effect of?

A

Reactions such as cracking, unifying, polymerizing, and isomerizing happening simultaneously.

30
Q

What techniques can be used to remove sulfur from fossil fuels such as coal?

A

Scrubbing, filters and engineering polymers with receptor sites for sulfur compounds. This reduces sulfur emissions which could cause acid rain. The sulfur extracted can be used in sulfuric acid production.

31
Q

What techniques can be used to produce fuels with lower environmental impacts?

A

Remove lead, benzene and sulfur from petrol; the use of catalytic converters in cars. This reduced emissions of CO, NO2, lead oxides, and carcinogenic benzene.

32
Q

What techniques can be used to produce alternative or blended petrochemical fuels.

A

Mix ethanol with petrol, develop engines that run on liquified petroleum gas or methane. This reduces CO2 emissions, lowers carbon footprint, and reduces CO and NO2 emissions.

33
Q

What techniques can be used to develop renewable and alternative resources and technologies.

A

Bioethanol, biodiesel, electric cars, hybrid cars, fuel cells.

34
Q

What is coal gasifications and what are its benefits?

A

Synthesis gas (coal gas or syngas) is produced by reacting coal with oxygen and steam in a gasifier to create hydrocarbons. Inside the chamber oxygen is limited so as to not induce combustion. This is cheaper that crude oil.

35
Q

What is Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

A

The capturing carbon dioxide from large industrial processes, compressing it, and transporting it to be injected deep into rock formations at selected safe sites. This reduces the amount of carbon dioxide entering the atmosphere.

36
Q

What is an example of CCS in coal gasification?

A

When coal gasification occurs in a cavity underground, giving low plant costs because no gasifier needs to be built, the coal does not have to be lifted to the surface and the carbon can be stored underground instead of escaping into the atmosphere.

37
Q

What are the other products of coal gasification?

A

Slag (used for roofing materials and road construction), methanol, and nitrogen-based compounds for fertilizers.

38
Q

What other materials can be gasification be used for?

A

It can be carried out with wood, or other biomass materials.

39
Q

What is Indirect Coal Liquefaction? (ICL)

A

Taking filtered and cleaned synthesis gas and adding water or carbon dioxide over a catalyst.

40
Q

What is direct coal liquefaction (DCL)?

A

Hydrogen gas is added to heated coal in the presence of a catalyst.

41
Q

What does coal liquefaction do?

A

Adjust the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio and produce synthetic liquid fuels via the Fischer-Tropsch process : nCO+ (2n+i) –catalyst–> CnH(2n+2) +nH20

42
Q

What can be converted to synthetic gas?

A

Coal, biofuel, hydrocarbons.

Ex.) CH4+H20 –catalyst–> CO+3H2

43
Q

What is the carbon footprint of a reaction?

A

The measure of the net quantity produced by the reaction.

44
Q

What is an advantage of biofuel in terms of carbon footprint?

A

Even though they cost more, they produce less carbon dioxide because it is absorbed by photosynthesis while the fuel is growing.

45
Q

What is the source of the sun’s energy?

A

The fusion of the hydrogen nuclei, which releases much more energy than the fission of U-235 or PU-239 (used in nuclear reactors.

46
Q

What is the process of hydrogen fusion on earth?

A

While it releases tremendous heat and little nuclear waste, it requires a large amount of energy in the form of nuclear fission (small atomic bomb) to provide this energy. The heat produced comes from the fusion but the waste comes from fission.

47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion (hydrogen)?

A

There exists an abundance of fuel for hydrogen fusion, and there is a lack of waste products. However, because it occurs at such high temperatures, no material on earth can contain it. But hydrogen fusion is still researched.

48
Q

Where does the sun’s energy come from?

A

In the sun hydrogen nuclei or protons combine to form the isotope deuterium ^2H, which then combines to form the helium nuclei. The mass of the helium nuclei, however is less than the sum of two protons and neutrons. This mass defect/deficit translates to energy (Einstein E=mc^2)

49
Q

What does a NUCLEAR reaction speak?

A

ATOMISH! The mass calculated is always PER ATOM.

50
Q

What is the atomic energy often represented in?

A

Electronvolts (energy required to move one electron)

51
Q

What is binding energy?

A

Nuclear binding energy is the energy required to separate a nucleus into its constituent parts (protons and neutrons).

52
Q

What is the relationship between mass defect and binding energy?

A

They can be related by E=mc^2

Chem Energy Option (1 decks)

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