OPTION B Flashcards
Define the term personality
Aspects of an individual that distinguishes them from others, making them unique but at the same time permits comparison between individuals
Specific attitudes and behaviours toward sport and exercise are learned:
through modelling
reinforcements
social comparison
How personality and social learning theory are related.
Beliefs and expectancies
Personal goals
Behavioural standards
How do we measure personality?
Ways of measuring personality: Questionnaires, observing behaviour and interviews. Issues: The athlete may lie or fake their answer, not all questionnaires are valid, Questionnaires could breach confidentiality and then we have ethical issues:
Outline the issues associated with the measurement of personality
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH MEASURING PERSONALITY: The athlete may lie or fake their answer, not all questionnaires are valid, Questionnaires could breach confidentiality. ISSUES WITH GAINING INFO: confidentiality with data so no identity is identified, Consent to use of findings, use of findings from bigger groups lead to broader predictions. REALABILITY AND VALIDITY
Evaluate the issues in personality research and sports performance
Athletes vs Non-Athlelete: When a non-sports persons personality is assigned to a specific sports, it discourages them to try different sports. Personality and sports type: If a personality is assigned to a sports type where they don’t fit into the stereotype, they will feel discouraged as they don’t feel like they’re matched properly. Predicting sports performance: The impact of trying to predict performance, instead of letting it develop naturally, while also considering environmental factors.”
Define the term motivation.
Internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arose and direct our behaviour
Outline the types of motivation.
Intrinsic motivation: Refers to engaging to an activity for pure enjoyment and satisfaction
Extrinsic: Engagement for rewards that come beyond the engagement
Discuss the issues associated with the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators (types of motivation) in sports and exercise.
Intrinsic: Player may lose interest
difficult to maintain levels of interest Extrinsic:only want to play for material rewards, decrease intrinsic motivation, focus solely on winning to get the reward rather than personal growth
Describe Atkinson’s model of Achievement Motivation.
Relies strongly to personality. the degree to which a player accepts the possibility of a challenge within a sport.
NACH (Need of achievement): refers to intrinsic motivation to succeed, overcome challenges and achieve goals. Athelets with high NACH want to improve their abilities by taking on challenges and challenging themselves. RELATION TO SPORTS: Track runners might want to beat their best time by pushing themselves.
NAF (Need avoidance of failure): motivation to avoid situations where failure is possible. Athletes with high NAF tend to shy away from challenges bc of their fear of failure. RELATION TO SPORT: Basket ball players might not shoot the ball into the goal due to the high risk of missing therefore, they would pass the ball to their team mate to reduce their chances of falling their shots.
Outline Goal Orientation Theory / Achievement Goal Theory
Goal orientation theory explains how people define success and motivation. There are 2 types: Task-Oriented and Ego/outcome-Oriented: Task oriented: task oriented goals are when an athlete motivates themselfs to push harder to achieve their goals and improve their abilities. This is influenced by intrinsic motivation. However ego/outcome-oriented goals focus on beating others within the field and try to win. This is mostly driven by extresic motivation.
Describe Attribution Theory and its application to sport and exercise
Definition: This area assess reasons for winning or loosing. Reasons can be identified within the behaviour of the performer or the causes of events. This is really important because it can affect future performance.
Weiner has identified 2 parts for success and failure they are:
Locus of casualty
Sustainability
Locus of sustainability: sustainable - unstable
Sustainable:
This comes from past events, they remain consistent.
Example:
When a performer has beaten an opponent in the past, they would think they can beat them now or in the future.
Unstable:
Factors that can change within a short period of time or during the performance.
For example the amount of luck ur having , if short term changes you might expect different results next time
Locus of casualty: Internal-External
This area asses to what extent the performer is in charge of winning or loosing.
Internal: The amount of effort the performer is putting towards their performance, how much they push themselves. This affects the outcome of the game.
External: External factors that may affect the performance, the performer has no responsibility or control over these factors. These factors may be out the environment or the referee.
Self-serving bias: When the game is successful they will link it to internal reasons, however if the game is a fail they will link it to external factors.
Learned Helplessness: Linked to internal actors, may unmotivated athlete and possible lead them to quitting y
Define the term arousal.
Automatic arousal is an immediate response to a stressor. Systematic nervous systems shut down non-essential phsichological systems. They accelerate fight or flight response systems
Describe the theoretical approaches to arousal
Drive theory: When arousal increases and performance increase it becomes linear and increases.
Catastrophe theory: When arousal increases, higher cognitive anxiety increases it causes it to have a drastic drop.
Inverted U hypothesis:low pressure, best performance , high stress anxiety is low
Discuss the emotions that may influence an athlete’s performance or experience in a physical activity
Participation in sport and exercise influence emotions.
Positive: Excitement, relief and pride= lead to improved performance
Negative=Tiredness, anger, anxiety, boredom= lead to decreased performance
Specific emotions= (-) is likely to make us remember - memories and reduce our feeling of confidence
(+) positive mood id more likely to increase our confidence and lead to a better performance
Define the term anxiety.
A feeling of worry, unease, nervousness about something with an uncertain outcome.
Types:
innate anxiety
situation anxiety
Distinguish between cognitive and somatic anxiety
cognitive anxiety comes from the brain. It usually appears when competing with a strong competitor. IT IS CHARECTERIZED BY THOUGHS and perceptions of the performance. Examples are: thoughts of bodily state. DISADVANTAGES: nervousness, distractions and advantages: Allows for the performer to process info faster.
Somatic anxiety comes from our bodies mainly before performing. Relates to our bodily state. for example: heart rate, blood pressure, shaking, shivering, arms sweating
Distinguish between trait anxiety (innate) and state anxiety (situation)
innate personality causes people to view a wide range of non-dangerous events as threatening. It is a constant characteristic. State anxiety: Eg: A rugby player who worries about the condition of the pitch for the next month’s game. State anxiety: a temporary negative emotion and tension that happens before or during a game.
Evaluate how anxiety is measured
SCAT: Identifies which competitors get too anxious to perform. Scoring from sport-specific situation gives an indication of that persons anxiety lvl. Limitation: Doesn’t work in other types of sports. CSAI: measures cognitive, sport efficient and somatic. Given multiple times before the performance. Allows researchers to identify baseline levels of anxiety. STAI: questionnaire about lvl of anxiousness in specific and broad situations. The scoring answers gives an idea of state and trait anxiety you are.
Describe the stress process in sport
Stress definition: Stress is a process that involves ones perception of the imbalance of demand on environment (Psychological/physical), response capability where failure is to meet demands has consequences.
STAGES:
cause of stress: (environmental outcome)
Individual response: (Reaction)
Stress experience:(Psychological interpretations)
Actual behaviour: (final outcome)
Discuss psychological skills training (PST)
Anyone can learn psychological skill training it isn’t for a specific group of athletes.
There are 3 parts if psychological skill training:
Education phase: The athlete learns about the importance of psychological skills and how they can affect performance. Phase when psychological skills need to be learned, developed and refined
Acquisition phase: The athlete learns about the strategies and techniques to improve the specific psychological skills that they require
Practice phase: The athlete develops their appropriate psychological skills through repeated practice
Outline goal setting
Goal setting helps and individual improve over all performance by achieving greater than what they can already do. Types of goals:
PERSONAL: personal growth
OUTCOME: reward of accomplishing goal at the end
ACTION: things you have to do in order tp achieve outcome
Evaluate mental imagery.
DEFINITION: Mental rehearsal for an act
PROS: Gets the performer to be more aware with act, prepares actor for any inconvenience, higher self confidence
CONS:
Not accurate, Have to imply this into daily routine to visualise better better to practise realistically
Outline relaxation techniques
can promote cognitive and physical relaxation
-meditation
-breathing techniques
Progressive Muscular Relaxation (PMR)
