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PDH > Option 3- Sports Med > Flashcards

Option 3- Sports Med Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of an injury?

A
  • indirect injuries
  • direct injuries
    -overuse injuries
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2
Q

What is referred to by the type of injury?

A
  • soft tissue injuries
  • hard tissue injuries
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3
Q

What is a direct injury? Provide an example.

A
  • caused by forces generated outside of the body
    Examples include:
    • shoulder dislocations caused by a tackle in football
    • fractures
    • sprains
    • bruises
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4
Q

What is an indirect injury?

A

-caused by force within the body, due to inadequate warm-up or exessive movement in the execution of a skill.

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5
Q

What’s an example of indirect injury?

A
  • falling on your arm
    -dislocating your shoulder
    -rolling your ankle causing a sprain
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6
Q

Define overuse injuries

A

Injuries that result from intense or unreasonable use of joints or body areas.

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7
Q

What are overuse injuries provoked by?

A

repetitive, low impact exercises such as jogging or stepping

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8
Q

What are 2 examples of overuse injuries?

A
  • Anterior shin splints (irritation to the front portion of shinbones)
  • Tendonitis (irritation of tendon e.g. Achilles tendon in the heel)
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9
Q

Define soft tissue injury.

A

include damage to muscles, tendons, blood vessels, ligaments, organs, cartilage, and nerves.

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10
Q

What’s an example of a soft tissue injury?

A
  • acute (occurring suddenly) → sprains, strains, dislocations, torn cartilage, contusions, abrasions
  • chronic (prolonged) → tears and contusions
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11
Q

Define hard tissue injury

A

damage to bones and teeth and is more serious than soft tissue injuries

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12
Q

What’s an example of a hard tissue injury?

A
  • dislodging a tooth or fracturing a bone
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13
Q

What’s a tear?

A

occurs when tissue is excessively stretched or severed

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14
Q

Define the ‘sprain’

A

arise from the stretching or tearing of a ligament (bone-to-bone connection). They happen when ligaments are stretched or torn, resulting in pain or swelling and the inability to perform normal joint movements.

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15
Q

Define ‘strain’

A

occur when a muscle or tendon (muscle to bone) is stretched or torn, causing pain and bleeding or discolouration around the injury.

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16
Q

Define “contusion”

A

caused by impact with a player or object.
- some remain close to the skin and some penetrate deeply causing bruising to the bone

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17
Q

Identify symptoms of stage 1 of the inflammatory response.

A
  • Pain, redness, and swelling around the injured area
  • Loss of function and mobility
  • Damage to cells and surrounding tissue
  • Increased blood flow
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18
Q

What happens during stage 2 of the inflammatory response?

A
  • Elimination of debris
  • The formation of new fibres ( strengthens ligaments)
  • Production of scar tissue (by-product)
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19
Q

What does the remodelling stage include?

A
  • Increased production of scar tissue
  • Replacement tissue needs to be strengthened and developed in the direction that the force is applied. The type of remodelling varies according to the timing/ degree of mobilisation of injury.
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20
Q

What’s an abrasion?

A

Type of wound where the first layer of skin is scraped or rubbed off. This can occur in games such as netball of tennis where the player falls on a dry hard surface

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21
Q

How is an abrasion treated?

A
  • Cleaning or sterilisation
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22
Q

What’s a laceration?

A

Wound where the flesh has incurred in an irregular tear

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23
Q

How is a laceration managed?

A

Cleaning area with antiseptic soap and then applying a dried and sterile gauze pad to the area

24
Q

Define a blister

A

They are caused by a collection of fluid below or within the surface layer of the skin giving rise to intense pain. They contain clear liquid or even blood is a blood vessel has been ruptured.

25
Q

How should a blister be treated?

A
  • Requires rest for 24 hours, when the symptoms may disappear.
  • Torn blisters require soap, warm water and liquid antiseptic to be applied
26
Q

What does the RICER method do?

A

RICER ensures that the injury heals correctly and in the shortest period of time.

27
Q

What does RICER stand for?

A

Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
Refferal

28
Q

What are the two types of fractures? Define.

A
  • Simple (close) fracture → bone breaks under the skin
  • Compound (open) fracture → bone breaks and protrudes the skin
29
Q

How can fractures be managed?

A

-Use of DRSABCD
- Controlling bleeding
- Treating shock
- Use of splint/ bandage to immobilise the area
- Immediate medical assistance

30
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Occurs when the bone comes out f the joint and remains out until physically reinserted.

31
Q

Define TOTAPS

A

Talk
Observe
Touch
Active movement
Passive movement
Skills test

32
Q

What are the stages of rehabilitation procedures?

A
  • progressive mobilisation
  • graduated exercise (stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
  • training
  • use of heat and cold
33
Q

What is progressive mobilisation?

A
  • restoring full range of movement to the injured area gradullay through active and passive movement.
  • increase ROM of the injured joint
34
Q

What is stretching?

A

ensures that the injured areas heal without scarring
- through controlled static and PNF stretching to promote the elasticity of scar tissue

35
Q

What is conditioning?

A

adapt the body to a range of agility, strength and power skills, such as running, hitting and kicking to ensure the injured area functions fully

36
Q

What principles can be used in conditioning? Why?

A

Using principles of progressive overload and specificity allows the muscles to be strengthened gradually

37
Q

Define total body fitness.

A

Regaining the level of mental and physical fitness reached by the athlete before the injury occurred.

38
Q

What are the benefits of total body fitness

A
  • Allows athletes to return to play without losing required sport-specific skills
  • Prevents reversibility
39
Q

Explain the rehabilitation procedure of training.

A
  • promotes movement of specific coordination and skills.
40
Q

When should athletes return to play?

A

when they are pain-free and have full range of mobility in the injured area

41
Q

What are the needs of an athlete when in the training phase?

A
  • Players may be unable to perform certain movement patterns → appropriate to minimise certain movements such as high-impact activities.
  • Players also need additional warm-up time
42
Q

What does cold (cryotherapy) do? How long should it be applied?

A

can be applied for anything up to 4 days following the injury and may be required to reduce inflammation.

43
Q

How can cryotherapy be applied?

A
  • Ice massage (rubbed for around 15min on the injured area)
  • Ice water immersion (whole body/body part injured submerged)
  • Vapocoolant spray
44
Q

When should heat therapy be applied? For how long should it be used?

A

used for 2-3 days after injury, depending on injury type and extent, when internal bleeding has stopped

45
Q

Why is thermotherapy used?

A
  • Increase the elasticity to new fibres during the stretching process
  • Reduce pain
  • Reduce stiffness
  • Increase blood flow
  • Reduce inflammation
46
Q

Name the elements of return to play.

A

-indicators of readiness
- monitoring progress
- psychological readiness
- specific warm-up procedures
- return to play policies and procedures [ethical considerations]

47
Q

What are some indicators that an athlete is ready to return to play?

A

Elasticity → new tissue stretched to promote lengthways elasticity and flexibility
Strength → new tissue is strong and able to support the body in stressful movements
Mobility → athlete has gained full movement and agility
Pain-free → injury is pain-free during both light and strenuous work
Balance → able to balance their body on the injured limb

48
Q

How can an athlete’s progress be monitored?

A
  • Visual observations
  • Interviews and discussions with the athlete
  • Ongoing testing
  • Observations of video footage of the athlete
  • Use of performance evaluation sheets
49
Q

Why are psychological readiness tests important?

A

An injury can impact an athlete’s psychological wellbeing. Therefore tests help gage:
- athletes confidence levels
- the athletes thoughts and feelings

50
Q

Why should the anxiety levels of an athlete be monitored?

A

to ensure the athlete is not feeling pressure to return to play before fully ready
- Taping the injury can provide physical support to the injury and reassurance to the mind

51
Q

Why do specific warm-up procedures have an important role in return-to-play procedures?

A

It ensures adequate flexibility, blood flow and readiness to perform/ body able to cope with stress of the game.

52
Q

What’s the protocol for an athlete to return to play?

A
  • Consultation
  • Review of x-rays
  • Discussion regarding the use of strapping/ bracing
  • Assessment of specific test results
  • Participation in a range of sport-specific movements (skills test)
53
Q

Why might some players resume sports while still injured?

A
  • Financial needs
  • Contractual agreements
  • Social awards
  • Intrinsic motivation
  • Feelings of indispensability or fear of letting people down
54
Q
  1. How are players pressured to participate? What is used?
  2. Why is the pressure to participate risky?
A
  1. heavily strapped or given indictors to prevent pain from pressure to injury
  2. unwise and dangerous. Pain indicates tissue damage and a warning hat further rehab is necessary.
55
Q

How does the use of painkillers impact a player’s return to play and future career?

A

stopping an athlete from feeling pain will cause greater injury as they can’t identify which movement is causing pain (can’t modify movement) OR reduces awareness of injury.

56
Q

What are the implications of not using RICER?

A
  • injury takes longer to repair and has less strength and flexibility.
57
Q

Why can taping an injury help the psychological readiness of an athlete?

A

taping helps the athlete feel secure in the injury and have confidence that a reinjury won’t occur.

PDH (1 decks)

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