Option 1 - Sports Medicine Flashcards
Example of a soft tissue - indirect injury
Lateral ankle sprain - caused by over inverting/everting the foot causing lateral ligaments of the foot to be torn or damaged
Example of a soft tissue - overuse injury
Tendonitis - occurs within the shoulder of a swimmer due to excessive training, where no sufficient recovery periods have been given
Example of hard tissue - direct injury
Stress fracture - small cracks in the bone due to repetitive impacts such as from running on hard surfaces
Considerations for children/young athletes with medical conditions ie. asthma, diabetes or epilepsy
- Management plan and appropriate supervision
- Some forms of physical activity needs to be avoided
Considerations for diabetics
- aware of own condition
- monitor blood glucose levels
- eat a diet in complex carbs that are low GI foods
- first aid procedures prepared
Asthma management plan
- shake inhaler
- place mouthpiece in patient’s mouth
- fire one puff and tell patient to inhale slowly and steadily
- wait about one minute, then repeat for second puff
- at all stages, reassure patient to prevent onset of shock. if symptoms persist, seek medical attention
epilepsy management plan
Supervisors should be alert, allow seizure to continue by removing any hazards and call for medical attention if persisting over 5 minutes
stress fracture management
- immediate resting
- ice to reduce inflammation
- possible anti-inflammatory medicine
- immobilising the joint
- when returning to play, use corrective devices such as padding/strapping
thermoregulation management
wear appropriate clothing, be hydrated, rest if they are fatigued
resistance training management
need a supervisor to show them correct technique for exercises and weights need to be relative to child’s efforts
sports participation options for aged people with medical conditions - strength exercises
weight or resistance training exercises, climbing stairs, calisthenics; participating in this will increase size of muscle fibres to reduce risk of them decreasing in size and strength. also reduces risk of bone loss and osteoporosis
sports participation options for aged people with medical conditions - flexibility exercises
stretching, yoga, tai chi; increases muscle and joint strength, maintains general fitness and flexibility levels to reduce risk of heart conditions, vulnerability to fractures and ensure joint mobility for everyday movement which can reduce the risk of falling.
degree to which iron deficiency affects participation in sport
iron deficiency leads to anaemia, meaning that there are decreased amounts of red blood cells and haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to thus resulting in fatigue and decreased performance. therefore female athletes need to consume many foods containing sufficient sources of iron, ie. red meats, poultry and seafood
degree to which bone density affects participation in sport
decreased bone density is related to loss of calcium which may be due to inadequate diet or heavy menstruation. therefore females should reduce participation in high impact sports and choose foods high in calcium/ take calcium supplements.
how to support body’s temp. regulation mechanisms in hot environ.
- maintain hydration levels
- wear light, breathable clothing
- exercise indoors / provide shade
- increase breaks and water fluid stops
- increase substitution of players more often
how to support body’s temp. regulation mechanisms in cold environ.
- extended warm up
- thermal clothing
- heated/covered benches for subs
physical test to indicate readiness to return to play (cardiovascular endurance)
shuttle run test: tests cardiovascular endurance through a measured distance of 20m where the athlete will run up and down this interval while the speed at which they run increases
effectiveness of shuttle run test?
effective since it is objective, valid and reliable if performed on consistent surface. can be used for point of comparison for athletes to check whether fitness levels have returned to pre injury levels
physical test to indicate readiness to return to play (flexibility)
sit and reach test: athlete sits with legs straight out as they reach forward to furthest point they can towards their legs.they push an indicator up a measurement scale to determine lvl of flexibility.
effectiveness of sit and reach test?
effective. it is objective and reliable. can be compared to pre-injury results.
physical tests to indicate readiness to return to play
- stork test: balance
- sit up test: muscular endurance
- dribbling tests: passing ability in soccer/dribbling in bball
Why aren’t such policies applied to all sports?
each sport has differing natures and levels of intensities; thus not all policies would be feasible.
Who should have ultimate responsibility for deciding is an athlete returns to competition?
Ultimately, it is a conjoined one between medical personnel, coaches, sporting organisations (for elite athletes) and the athlete.
official sporting organisations may have protocols in play eg. National Football League.
Should athletes be allowed to use painkillers in order to compete when injured?
although drugs can be taken to hasten healing process, it may also prolong healing process as what first appears to numb the pain may cause further damage to injured area later on.
painkillers can take away from focus, motor, skill execution and movement efficiency.
direct injuries
caused by external forces generated by object/person resulting in damage to tissues eg. bruises, dislocations
indirect injuries
caused by intrinsic forces within body and may be caused by poor technique, fatigue, lack of fitness or excessive strain being placed on muscles, tendons and ligaments, causing irritation and possible damage to body structures eg. back injury due to poor lifting technique
overuse injuries
occurring when excessive and repetitive force is placed on bones and other connective tissues of body eg. tendonitis
soft tissue injuries
affecting tissues within body that enclose bones or joints such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and skin
hard tissue injuries
relating to bones or teeth.
soft tissue injuries? syllabus point.
tears, sprains, contusions, lacerations, blisters, skin abrasions, inflammatory response.
tear
disruption of fibres of muscle, tendon or ligament due to excessive movement beyond capable range - RICER
contusion
bleeding to soft tissue as a result of an external force causing rupturing of blood capillaries - RICER
skin abrasions
minor open wound to skin - clean wound with saline/running water, apply non-stick bandage
laceration
open wound that is irregular and jagged - clean wound with saline/running water, apply non-stick bandage , referral to doctor, gauze pad and pressure to prevent bleeding
blister
collection of fluid below/within epidermal layer of skin - pierce blister, express fluid, cover with sterile, non-adhesive dressing, apply padding and tape
3 phases of inflammatory response
- inflammatory stage: pain, redness, swelling, loss of function, damage to cells and surrounding tissues, increased blood flow to area
- repair and regenerative stage: elimination of debris, formation of new fibres, production of scar tissue
- remodelling stage: increased production and replacement of scar tissue, regaining of function
actions to be avoided during first 48-72 hours after injury
application of heat, drinking alcohol, physical activity, massage: increases blood flow and therefore swelling
immediate management for hard tissue injuries
- immobilise and support injured site with splint/sling
- check for impaired circulation and other possible complications
- arrange for transport to hospital and professional medical assessment
- implementation of RICER if it does not cause pain
asthma
narrowing of airways that restricts amount of oxygen exchanged within lungs causing episodes of wheezing, breathlessness and tightness in chest
diabetes
chronic metabolic disease marked by high levels of glucose in blood
epilepsy
condition characterised by seizures which is treated with medication to reduce incidences of seizures
overuse injuries
occurs when repetitive stress is being placed on body part without enough recovery time for body to heal and repair
thermoregulation
process allowing body to maintain its temperature
children and young athletes. syllabus dot point
- medical conditions (asthma, diabetes, epilepsy)
- overuse injuries (stress fractures)
- thermoregulation
- appropriateness of resistance training
adult and aged athletes. dot point.
- heart conditions
- fractures/bone density
- flexibility/joint mobility
female athletes. dot point.
- eating disorders
- iron deficiency
- bone density
- pregnancy
effects of warm up
- increase blood flow and oxygen to active muscles
- increase body and muscle temp.
- stretches ligaments and muscles for greater flexibility and reduces chance of injury
- assists mental prep
- allows athlete to perform at mental and physical peaks
effects of cool down
- allows excess fluid to be drained from muscles and redistribute around body
- reduces muscle soreness and tightness
- prevents blood pooling
- promotes flexibility
sports policy and sports environ. dot point.
- Rules of sports and activities
- Modified rules for children
- Matching of opponents, eg growth and development, skill level
- Use of protective equipment
- Safe grounds, equipment and facilities
environmental considerations. dot point.
- Temperature regulation (convection, radiation, conduction, evaporation)
- Climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, rain, altitude, pollution)
- Guidelines for fluid intake
- Acclimatisation
convection
transfer of heat through direct contact with gases or liquid and body
radiation
transfer of heat from one surface to another through space with no physical contact between objects
conduction
transfer of heat through direct contact
acclimitisation
allowing body to adapt to environmental conditions
difference between bandaging and taping?
bandaging involves use of non-adhesive, often elasticised bandages
taping involves use of non-adhesive, often rigid tape to protect, support or strengthen joint during movement
rehabilitation procedures. dot point
- Progressive mobilisation
- Graduated exercise (stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
- Training
- Use of heat and cold
return to play. dot point.
- Indicators of readiness for return to play (pain free, degree of mobility)
- Monitoring progress (pre-test and post-test)
- Psychological readiness
- Specific warm up procedures
- Return to play policies and procedures
- Ethical considerations, eg. pressure to participate, use of pain killers
what should the injured area have in returning to play?
- elasticity
- strength
- mobility
- pain free
- balance
