optho path

Question 1

where do you see cytoid bodies?

Answer 1

cotton wool spot; due to blockage of axoplasmic flow

Question 2

cotton wool spot

Answer 2

soft exudate
marker of retinal ischemia
due to blockage of axoplasmic flow

Question 3

clinical findings of central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 3

sudden severe visual loss, milky-white loss of retinal transparency, slight retinal thickening,
-foveal cherry red spot

Question 4

causes of central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 4

• atherosclerosis of CRA at or posterior to lamina cribosa
• emboli: mostly cholesterol
• giant cell arteritis

Question 5

central retinal vein occlusion

Answer 5

hemorrhagic (looks red vs CRAO looks white)

Question 6

retinal arteriosclerosis

Answer 6

chronic HTN induces fibrosis in vascular wall

• healthy vessel walls are transparent (only see blood in them)
• widening of vascular light reflex
• copper and silver wiring
• AV crossing defects “nicking”

Question 7

which cells are preferentially lost in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 7

pericytes

Question 8

background diabetic retinopathy

Answer 8

hemorrhage, hard exudate, retinal edema

Question 9

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Answer 9

neovascularization of disk, retina, iris
-progressive vitreous detachment rips vessels and causes subhyaloid and vitreous hemorrhage–>tractional retinal detachment

Question 10

rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Answer 10

• secondary to retinal holes and breaks in retina
• holes due to vitreous traction w/ posterior vitreous detachment, vitreous degeneration, lattice degeneration
• horseshoe tears

Question 11

exudative retinal detachment

Answer 11

• tumors (melanoma, hemangioma, metastases)

- uveal effusion, harada’s disease, toxemia of pregnancy

Question 12

cataract

Answer 12

opacification or optical dyfx of crytalline lens

Question 13

gluacoma

Answer 13

elevation of intraocular pressure
death of retinal ganglion cells
cupping of optic nerve

Question 14

most common primary intraocular tumor in adults

Answer 14

uveal malignant melanoma

mushroom configuration

Question 15

most common intraocular tumor in kids

Answer 15

retinoblastoma

• leukocoria (white pupillary reflex)
• Rb gene on chr13
• flexner-wintersteiner rosettes
• photoreceptor differentiation
• bilateral when hereditary

Question 16

grave’s orbitopathy (thyroid eye disease)

Answer 16

• most common cause of exopthalmos
• enlarged EOMs cause proptosis
• patchy chronic inflammation in muscle
• inflammation spares tendons and orbital fat

Question 17

most common malignant orbital tumor in childhood

Answer 17

• orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
• rapid growth
• most cases are embryonal