Opthalmology

Question 1

lens cells continue to grow as we get older - what 3 things does this put us at risk of?

Answer 1

presbyopia (longsightedness due to stiffness ie cannot accommodate)
cataract
closed angle glaucoma

Question 2

what is the fovea

Answer 2

small central area of macula containing highest density of cones and thus providing highest visual acuity

Question 3

give DDx for painful red eye with no visual loss

Answer 3

conjunctivitis
corneal abrasion
corneal opacity
blepharitis 
chalazion (meibonium cyst)
episcleritis 
subconjunctival haemorrhage

Question 4

give DDx for painful red eye with visual loss

Answer 4

trauma
corneal ulcer
orbital cellulitis
herpes zoster ophthalmicus
uveitis
acute angle glaucome

Question 5

give DDx for sudden painless loss of vision

Answer 5

Ischaemic optic neuropathy (due to GCA, HTN, DM)
occlusion of central retinal vein
occlusion of central retinal artery
vitreous haemorrhage (DM)
retinal detachment (myopia, age, surgery, marfans, DM)
TIA amaurosis fugax
MS demyelinating optic neuritis

Question 6

give DDx for subacute painless loss of vision

Answer 6

cataract
macular degeneration
retinitis pigmentosum
open angle glaucoma

Question 7

what does the pupil look like in uveitis?

Answer 7

small fixed oval pupil

+/- hypopyon

Question 8

what is normal IOP?
IOP in open angle glaucoma?
IOP in closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 8

15-20 mmHg
>20
>30

Question 9

what does pupil look like in closed angle glaucoma?

Answer 9

dilated

Question 10

is RA, SLE, Ank Spond, IBD associated with episcleritis or uveitis?

Answer 10

RA and SLE: episcleritis ( inflam of layer between sclera and bulbar conjunctiva)

AS and IBD: uveitis (normally anterior ie the iris)

Question 11

in herpes zoster ophthalmicus, what branch of which CN is involved?
what is involvement of nose tip called?

Answer 11

1st branch CN5

Hutchinson’s sign

Question 12

what is the topical Abx in ophthal called

Answer 12

chloramphenicol