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Internal Medicine > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Glaucoma

A

Open angle
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Normal pressure glaucomaG

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2
Q

Glaucoma is an

A

Damage to the optic disc, often due to an increase in IOP

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3
Q

Open angle glaucoma

A

Most common
Usually without symptoms - can slowly damage the eye without the person becoming aware of it
Often aqueous fluuid can not flow through the trabecular meshwork and drain properly

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4
Q

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

A

Sudden, sever pain in the eye, often iwth immediate disturbance of vision, such as coloured rings around lights, N&V.
Complete blockage of optic flow.

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5
Q

Surgical techniques to treat glaucoma

A

Laser treatment - improve flow of aqueous fluid, or destroy parts of ciliary body.
Topical - B blocker, A agonist

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6
Q

Retinal detachment process

A

Retinal tear or hole develops - fluid leaks between retina & choroid - detaches

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7
Q

Retinal detachment symptoms

A

Sudden onset of floaters and flashes, vision loss curtain

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8
Q

Cataracts

A

Lens becomes cloudy - images can’t focus properly

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9
Q

Cataracts treatment

A

Phacoemulsification & Surgery - removal and replacement of lens (intraocular lens implant)

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10
Q

Blind definition

A

<10 degrees central vision or vision <3/60

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11
Q

Low vision definition

A

< 20 degrees central vision or vision 6/18-3/60

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12
Q

worldwide leading cause of blindness

A

Cataracts

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13
Q

NZ leading causes of blindness

A

Macular degeneration (48%), glaucoma (16%), cataract (11%)

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14
Q

Beneath the retina is the

A

Choroid

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15
Q

Fovea

A

Where focus - super concentrated cones?

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16
Q

Optic disc

A

Where optic nerve enters

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17
Q

Optic disc look at

A

Colour, cup to disc ratio, contour

+ red reflex, retinal vessels

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18
Q

Cataracts symptoms

A

Painless, gradual loss of vision
Glare
Refractive change

Key issue = driving

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19
Q

Cataracts risk factors

A

AGE AGE AGE
Smoking, diabetes (possible ascertainment bias), steroid use

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20
Q

Cataracts examination

A

Red reflex absent
Fundoscopy - normal if can see through lens

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21
Q

Glaucoma important history

A

family history

22
Q

Glaucoma symptoms

A

None until too late

23
Q

Glaucoma Fundoscopy

A

Cup vertical elongation, cup to disc ratio abnormalities
Bayonetting, lamina cribosa of optic disc.

ISNT - thinning of rim in ISNT order

24
Q

Risk Factors macular degeneration

A

Age, FHx, Caucasian, Female

25
Q

Wet ARMD treatment

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies - monthly
injection
2/3 chance improvement
90% remains same

26
Q

Eye examination

A

-Visual acuity (snellen chart, reading test).
-Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accomodation
- Visual fields by confrontation

Angle, intra-ocular pressure, dilate pupils (1% tropicamide)

Slit lamp - anterior segment,
Fundus - opthalmoscope

27
Q

6/6-2

A

Reads the 6/6 line but gets two letters wrong

28
Q

How many letters do you need to get right to get the line snellen

A

3 (out of 5)
- however many wrong

29
Q

Snellen chart which number stays the same

A

Numerator

30
Q

Most common preventable blindness nz

A

Glaucoma

31
Q

Cup vertical elongation indicates

A

Glaucoma

32
Q

Bayonetting indicates

A

Glaucoma

33
Q

Diabetes mellitus fundoscopy - proliferative vs non proliferative

A

Proliferative - vacsular proliferation, neovascularisation of optic disc, blot haemorrhage,

Hard exudates & microaneurysm, dilated veins (non proliferative)

*correction everything on both just neovascularistation in

34
Q

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy treat with

A

Better diabetic control
Pan retinal photocoagulation

35
Q

Hypertension macular

A

Macular star

36
Q

Dry age related macular degeneration fundoscopy
ARMD

A

Hyperpigmentation of the macular, drucen

37
Q

Bitemporal hemianopia

A

Optic chiasm

38
Q

Homonymous hemianopia

A

Optic tract

39
Q

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

A

Occipital lobe

40
Q

Quadrantanopia

A

Google this more

41
Q

20 ft in m

A

6m

42
Q

if acuity improves with pinhole

A

Refractive error

43
Q

If acuity worsens with pinhole

A

Macular degeneration or cataracts

44
Q

Refractive error

A

Shape of eye keeps light from focusing correctly on your retina

45
Q

Treatment for cataracts

A

Phacoemulsification & intraocular lens implant

46
Q

Glaucoma definition

A

Damage to the optic disc, often with raised intraocular pressure

47
Q

Glaucoma treatment

A

Medical - topical - BB, prostaglanding analogues, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Systemic - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Surgical

48
Q

Macular degeneration fundoscopy

A

Dry - Hyperpigmentation, drusen of macular

Wet - disciform - big black grey ring, subretinal fluid, haemorrhage, fibrosis

49
Q

Dry mac degen

A

Gradually deteriorating vision, painless, one eye

50
Q

Wet mac degen

A

Sudden onset blurred vision, painless, one eye

Scotoma

51
Q
A

Internal Medicine (6 decks)

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