Opthalmology

Question 1

Types of Glaucoma

Answer 1

Open angle
Acute angle closure glaucoma
Normal pressure glaucomaG

Question 2

Glaucoma is an

Answer 2

Damage to the optic disc, often due to an increase in IOP

Question 3

Open angle glaucoma

Answer 3

Most common
Usually without symptoms - can slowly damage the eye without the person becoming aware of it
Often aqueous fluuid can not flow through the trabecular meshwork and drain properly

Question 4

Acute angle-closure glaucoma

Answer 4

Sudden, sever pain in the eye, often iwth immediate disturbance of vision, such as coloured rings around lights, N&V.
Complete blockage of optic flow.

Question 5

Surgical techniques to treat glaucoma

Answer 5

Laser treatment - improve flow of aqueous fluid, or destroy parts of ciliary body.
Topical - B blocker, A agonist

Question 6

Retinal detachment process

Answer 6

Retinal tear or hole develops - fluid leaks between retina & choroid - detaches

Question 7

Retinal detachment symptoms

Answer 7

Sudden onset of floaters and flashes, vision loss curtain

Question 8

Cataracts

Answer 8

Lens becomes cloudy - images can’t focus properly

Question 9

Cataracts treatment

Answer 9

Phacoemulsification & Surgery - removal and replacement of lens (intraocular lens implant)

Question 10

Blind definition

Answer 10

<10 degrees central vision or vision <3/60

Question 11

Low vision definition

Answer 11

< 20 degrees central vision or vision 6/18-3/60

Question 12

worldwide leading cause of blindness

Answer 12

Cataracts

Question 13

NZ leading causes of blindness

Answer 13

Macular degeneration (48%), glaucoma (16%), cataract (11%)

Question 14

Beneath the retina is the

Answer 14

Choroid

Question 15

Fovea

Answer 15

Where focus - super concentrated cones?

Question 16

Optic disc

Answer 16

Where optic nerve enters

Question 17

Optic disc look at

Answer 17

Colour, cup to disc ratio, contour

+ red reflex, retinal vessels

Question 18

Cataracts symptoms

Answer 18

Painless, gradual loss of vision
Glare
Refractive change

Key issue = driving

Question 19

Cataracts risk factors

Answer 19

AGE AGE AGE
Smoking, diabetes (possible ascertainment bias), steroid use

Question 20

Cataracts examination

Answer 20

Red reflex absent
Fundoscopy - normal if can see through lens

Question 21

Glaucoma important history

Answer 21

family history

Question 22

Glaucoma symptoms

Answer 22

None until too late

Question 23

Glaucoma Fundoscopy

Answer 23

Cup vertical elongation, cup to disc ratio abnormalities
Bayonetting, lamina cribosa of optic disc.

ISNT - thinning of rim in ISNT order

Question 24

Risk Factors macular degeneration

Answer 24

Age, FHx, Caucasian, Female

Question 25

Wet ARMD treatment

Answer 25

Intravitreal anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies - monthly injection 2/3 chance improvement 90% remains same

Question 26

Eye examination

Answer 26

-Visual acuity (snellen chart, reading test). -Pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accomodation - Visual fields by confrontation Angle, intra-ocular pressure, dilate pupils (1% tropicamide) Slit lamp - anterior segment, Fundus - opthalmoscope

Question 27

6/6-2

Answer 27

Reads the 6/6 line but gets two letters wrong

Question 28

How many letters do you need to get right to get the line snellen

Answer 28

3 (out of 5) - however many wrong

Question 29

Snellen chart which number stays the same

Answer 29

Numerator

Question 30

Most common preventable blindness nz

Answer 30

Glaucoma

Question 31

Cup vertical elongation indicates

Answer 31

Glaucoma

Question 32

Bayonetting indicates

Answer 32

Glaucoma

Question 33

Diabetes mellitus fundoscopy - proliferative vs non proliferative

Answer 33

Proliferative - vacsular proliferation, neovascularisation of optic disc, blot haemorrhage, Hard exudates & microaneurysm, dilated veins (non proliferative) *correction everything on both just neovascularistation in

Question 34

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy treat with

Answer 34

Better diabetic control Pan retinal photocoagulation

Question 35

Hypertension macular

Answer 35

Macular star

Question 36

Dry age related macular degeneration fundoscopy ARMD

Answer 36

Hyperpigmentation of the macular, drucen

Question 37

Bitemporal hemianopia

Answer 37

Optic chiasm

Question 38

Homonymous hemianopia

Answer 38

Optic tract

Question 39

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

Answer 39

Occipital lobe

Question 40

Quadrantanopia

Answer 40

Google this more

Question 41

20 ft in m

Answer 41

6m

Question 42

if acuity improves with pinhole

Answer 42

Refractive error

Question 43

If acuity worsens with pinhole

Answer 43

Macular degeneration or cataracts

Question 44

Refractive error

Answer 44

Shape of eye keeps light from focusing correctly on your retina

Question 45

Treatment for cataracts

Answer 45

Phacoemulsification & intraocular lens implant

Question 46

Glaucoma definition

Answer 46

Damage to the optic disc, often with raised intraocular pressure

Question 47

Glaucoma treatment

Answer 47

Medical - topical - BB, prostaglanding analogues, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Systemic - carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Surgical

Question 48

Macular degeneration fundoscopy

Answer 48

Dry - Hyperpigmentation, drusen of macular Wet - disciform - big black grey ring, subretinal fluid, haemorrhage, fibrosis

Question 49

Dry mac degen

Answer 49

Gradually deteriorating vision, painless, one eye

Question 50

Wet mac degen

Answer 50

Sudden onset blurred vision, painless, one eye Scotoma